CE6021 - REPAIRS AND REHABILITATION OF STRUCTURES

 
 

OBJECTIVE
To  get  the  knowledge  on  quality  of  concrete, 
durability  aspects,  causes  of  deterioration, 
assessment  of  distressed  structures,  repairing  of 
structures and demolition procedures.
 UNIT – I
MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR STRATEGIES
 

Syllabus:
Maintenance, repair and rehabilitation, Facets 
of  Maintenance,  importance  of  Maintenance 
various  aspects  of  Inspection,  Assessment 
procedure for evaluating a damaged structure, 
causes of deterioration
 MAINTENANCE
Definition:
Maintenance of building is
defined as the work done to keep the
civil engineering structures in
working condition so as to enable
them to carry out the functions for
which they are constructed.
REPAIR

• Repair  techniques  are  used  to  restore  the 

structural  integrity  and  shape  of  a  concrete 
element.  For  example,  a  balcony  slab  can  be 
repaired so that it does not have any damaged 
concrete or unsafe indentations.
•   Repair  techniques  generally  include  removal 
of  damaged  concrete  and  placement  of  new 
concrete  in  its  place.  Repair  methods, 
however, do  little  to  address  the  cause  of 
deterioration
 REHABILITATION
• Rehabilitation  methods,  in  addition  to 
restoring  structural  integrity  and  shape, 
mitigate  or  stop  the  process  responsible  for 
the  damage.  Because  rehabilitation  includes 
addressing the cause of the problem itself, so 
that  the  repairs  last  significantly  longer. 
 Necessity of maintenance
The maintenance of structures is done to
meet the following objectives.
· Prevent damages and decay due to
natural agencies and wear & tear
- to keep them in good appearance
and working condition.
· Repair defects occurred in structures
and strengthen them, if necessary.
Maintenance work on dam structure
Classification of Maintenance
Work:
· Preventive Maintenance
· Remedial Maintenance
· Routine Maintenance
· Special Maintenance
Preventive Maintenance:
-before the defects occurred or damages
developed
 Remedial Maintenance:
-after the defects or damage
occurs in the structures.
It involves the following basic steps.
• Finding the deterioration .
• Determining the causes.
• Evaluating the strength of the existing
structures.
• Evaluating the need of the structures.
• Selecting and implementing the repair
procedure
Routine Maintenance:
• maintenance attended to the structure periodically.
• It depends upon specifications and materials of
structures ,purpose , intensity and condition of use .
•It is done by the fund provided annually, which is
normally 1.5% of the cost of construction.
•It includes the inspection, planning the programme
and execute.
•It includes white washing, patching repair to plaster,
replacement of fitting and fixtures, blinding of road
surface.
Special Maintenance:
• work not covered in routing programme or the
annual repair
- is done under special condition
• It may be done for strengthening and updating
of the structure
- to meet the new condition of usage or to
increase its serviceability.
•It include particular or complete renewal, such
as renewal of floors, roofs etc
Special Maintenance
 FACETS OF MAINTENANCE:
Maintenance operations have many facets such as
a) Emergency maintenance: Necessitated by unforeseen breakdown drainage or damage
caused by natural calamity like fire, floods, cyclone earthquake etc.
b) Condition Based maintenance: Work initiated after due inspection
c) Fixed time maintenance: Activities repeated at predetermined intervals of time
d) Preventive maintenance: This is intended to preserve by preventing failure and
detecting incipient faults (Work is done before failure takes place)
e) Opportunity maintenance: Work did as and when possible within the limits of
operation demand.
f) Day-to-Day care and maintenance
g) Shut down maintenance: Thorough overhaul and maintenance after closing a facility.
h) Improvement plans: This is essentially maintenance operation wherein the weak links in
the original construction are either replaced by new parts or strengthened.
Causes which necessitate the
maintenance:
The causes which effects the service and
durability of the structure are as follows:
        · Atmospheric Agencies
1. Rain 2. Wind 3. Temperature.
        · Normal wear and tear.
        · Failure of structure.
 Atmospheric Agencies
1. Rain:
-important source of water which affects
the structure in the following ways.
Physical:
Dissolving and carrying away minerals as it
is universal solvent.
 Expansion and contraction:
- materials subjected to repetitive
expansion and contraction
- while they become wet and dry and
develop the stresses.
Expansion of water:
- variation of temperature causes the
expansion and construction of absorbed
water affects the micro structures of the
materials.
Vertical cracks that appear anywhere on the wall can be
caused by thermal expansion, when the sun heats up the
wall they may expand and crack. Moisture that freezes
can cause something known as frost thaw which also
causes cracks in walls.
Pavements, like all other materials, will expand as they rise in
temperature and contract as they fall in temperature. Small
amounts of expansion and contraction are typically
accommodated without excessive damage, however extreme
temperature variations can lead to catastrophic failures. Flexible
and rigid pavements can suffer large transverse cracks as a result
of excessive contraction in cold weather. Rigid pavements are also
prone to slab buckling as a result of excessive expansion in hot
weather
 Erosion:
Abrasion of the structure materials is quite
evident effect of the water.

Spillway damage 
 Chemical:
Water contains acids and alkali and
other compound in dissolved form, acts
over the material
-which is known as chemical
weathering.

H2S corrosion on the concrete walls
2.Wind:which transports the abrasive
materials and assists the physical
weathering.

3.Temperature: The temperature

variation may also change in the
structure and chemical composition of
the materials.
 Normal wear and tear:
During the use of structure it is subjected
to abrasion and there by it losses
appearance and serviceability.

Concrete damage was found to be a serious threat

to the structural integrity of spillway.
 Failure of structure:

-behavior of structure not in

agreement with expected condition of
stability
-or lacking freedom from necessary
repair or non- compliance with desired
use of and occupancy of the completed
structure.
The causes of failure may be broadly
grouped as:
         · Improper design.
         · Defective construction.
         · Improper use of structure
         · Lack of maintenance.
 Inspection of a Building:
Inspection of a building and any other
civil engineering structure is routine duty of
person in charge maintenance.
-It means keen, analytic and dynamic
observation regarding
•the change in condition of the structure
deterioration
•reason and the causes, failure
•concluding the remedies for the same.
The inspections should be made on the
following points.
• Condition of wall paint.
• Condition of paint on wood- work.
• Condition of flooring
••  Roof Dampness
leakage, leakage. if any
in wall or floors, if
any
• Condition of service fittings.
• Drainage from terrace or pitched like
·Growth of vegetation, if any
·Structural defects like
1. Crack
2. Settlement
3. Deflection (sagging)
CAUSES OF DETERIORATION

1. Local settlement of sub-grade.
 
2.  Movement of formwork.
 
3.  Vibrations
 
4.  Internal settlement of concrete 
suspension.
 
5.  Setting shrinkage.
6. Premature removal of forms.
7. Drying shrinkage
8. Temperature stresses
This may be due to
(i)Difference in temperature between
the inside and outside of the building.
(ii)Variation in internal temperature of
the building structure.
9. Absorption of moisture by concrete
10. Corrosion of reinforcement
This could be caused by
(i)Entry of moisture through cracks or
pores
(ii)Electrolytic action
11. Aggressive action of chemical
12. Weathering action
13. Action of shockwaves 
14. Erosion
15. Weathering action
16. Action of shockwaves
17. Erosion
18. Poor design details at
(i) Re- entrant corners
(ii) Changes in cross section
(iii)Rigid joint precast elements
(iv)Deflections
Poor design details leads to
1. Leakage through joints
2. Inadequate drainage
3. Inefficient drainage slope
4. Unanticipated shear stresses in piers, column
and abutments etc..,
5. Incompatibility of materials of sections.
6. Neglect in design
7. Errors in design
8. Errors in earlier repairs
9. Overloading
10. External influences such as(a) Earthquake
(b) Wind(c) Fire(e) Cyclone(f) Flash floors etc..,