Engineering Drawing Ii: by Eng. J D'Amour Dusabimana

ENGINEERING DRAWING II
BY Eng. J d’Amour DUSABIMANA
1/3/2019 Civil Engg Drawing and 2DCAD 1

This course is aimed at enabling students to
effectively communicate through the medium
of drawing through:
 Being introduced on art of producing civil
engineering drawings in accordance with
current practice and regulation so that the
drawings can be legible and used by
contractors and builders without having to
refer back to designer.

 Being introduced on the art of interpreting
and understanding drawings of a civil and
architectural nature and terminology used
 Being guided into developing their individual

draughting skills/style to obtain an optimum
balance of presentation and speed.

Section1:RCC STRUCTURES:
Here we shall cover reinforcement details of:
- slab,
- beam,
- column,
- footing and a connection between slab,
-beam and column.
Section2: RCC STAIR CASE:
-Types of stairs,
- Sectional elevation showing reinforcement details
for an open well staircase.

Section 3:RETAINING WALL (RCC AND GRAVITY):
- Types of retaining walls (RCC & Gravity),
- sectional elevations of RCC retaining wall

with reinforcement details.
Steel structures.
- Connection details

As far as civil engineering discipline is
concerned, the designer of structure must be
able to communicate his or her design
requirements to the contractor who will be
building the structure .
The most effective way to do so is for the
designer to produce a set of drawings which
clearly and unambiguously set out the
structure and all the requirements for its
successfully completion.

• Errors in the drawings can lead to very costly
remedial work on site which might involve
breaking down and rebuilding parts of
structure. This may lead to both loss of
human life and loss of money. The engineers
must be careful while detailing structure
elements, at every stage rechecking must be
done and revised for the better civil
engineering implementation. Otherwise
structural stability, Human safety are not
assured.

NECESSITY OF DRAWINGS
 Communication among members of the
design team must be open, free, continuous
and complete
 Working drawings are the graphical
communication between the designer and the
contractors
 The working drawing must be clear and
concise, its production should be aimed at an
easy flow of information to the contractor on
the job site.
 They are legal documents that impose various
obligations on the parties to the contract.

1.1Introduction
RC is a combination of both concrete and
steel to produce a member which can resist
to both compression and Tension.
Why concrete?
To resist against the compressive loading.
This means when concrete is fully supported
can take a heavy loads but time it is allowed
bend under its own weight, it will break.

By Contrast Steel is very strong in Tension so
reinforcement is needed to counteract tensile
failure.
The reason why we combine concrete to
produce a structure which resist to both
Compression and tension force.

Beams
Columns
Slabs
Footings
Walls
Etc..

Detailing involves Schematically describing
the way in which you are going to place the
steel.
The purpose of detailing reinforced concrete
is to convey the contractor the information
needed to get each and every steel bar fixed
in its correct position.

On:
a) Beams
All main bars should be drawn in full elevation and show in
cross-section
b) Column
Only one bar of each type needed to be drawn in full
elevation, but all bars should be shown in cross-
section.
c) Slabs
Only one bar of each type should be shown in full plan, But
all should be shown in cross-section
The exception for slabs is where bars are staggered or
alternate bars are reversed. In these case, a pair of
slabs should be drawn in full.

d) Stirrups or links:
Only one stirrups or set of stirrups in a beam and
only one link or set of links in a column needs to
be shown in full.
Reinforcing bars should be as single lines 0.7mm
thick.
NB: Bars are described in a standard way using
recognized abbreviations in the following
sequence: -Number of bars required
- Types of steel
- Size of bars
- Identification mark number
- Spacing-Center to center
- Location
- Comment

 R-mild steel
 Y- high yield steel
 T- top
 B- bottom
 EW- each way
 ABR- alternate bars reversed
 STGD- staggered
 ALT- alternate different bars
 TOG - together

(B)

All the reinforced concrete structures
manufacturing start by foundation or base
that will receive concentrated load and
transmit it to the soil stratum.
This foundation should be reinforced with
steel bars to spread the load from the column
over a larger area of soil. Hence the engineer
determines the size of this foundation.
Without reinforcements, foundation can not
resist to shear or bending failure

Failure modes of concrete pad foundation
The solution to this problem is to place the
reinforcing steel where it will compensate for
the low tensile strength of concrete.
How bars are placed?
- A layer of steel is placed nearest the bottom
of the base (B1) and the layer on top of this
layer perpendicular to B1 direction B2 ties
into the first layer (see the drawing)
Reinforcement of concrete base

Foundation can be cast in a hole in the ground
where it will bear directly on the soil. But this
creates the problem of trying to keep the area
clean while the reinforcing steel is being
placed and the formwork fixed in position.
To prevent this a layer of blinding concrete of
50-75mm thick is usually laid below the
designed bottom of the foundation. In
addition, to protect the reinforcing steel
against dampness from the soil, a minimum
thickness of concrete, known as concrete
cover should be provided.

The columns are built on the top of the
bases. These will be reinforced to counteract
bending shearing and direct compression
failures. See the figure down
Failure modes
of cc

A column will have at least four longitudinal bars
and a series of transversal bars known as Links.
These bars compensate for the weakness of the
concrete.
Reinforcement of cc
1. It is important to tie the column to the base
with reinforcement.
2. Starter bars should be cast into the base
3. These project far enough above the surface for
the longitudinal bars to be fixed to them by a
process known as lapping.
4. The starter bars are bent through 900 , so that
they can tie onto at least two bars of the
foundation reinforcement, thus ensuring
continuity from the base through to the
column. Refer to below drawing to better
understand .

Kicker about 75 mm
Notice:
It is impossible to cast all the concrete in one day,
therefore, it is necessary to have joints to
determine where each cast should start and where
it should stop. The joints between the different
days 'pour of concrete, are known as construction
joint (CJ). There are standard places where these
should occur, so as not to weaken the structure or
make it difficult to built. The detailer should be
aware of these positions. See drawing below.
NB: The column bars have to be long enough to
extend sufficiently far above the top of the column
to allow for the depth of the beam and floor slab,
the kicker for the next column, and the necessary
lap.

As a civil engineer, it important to know the
order in which the bars are fixed. The bars
are numbered accordingly on the drawings
and schedules.
Here is the table we use to list the required
bars for reinforcement of concrete, using the
standard shape codes.
NB: the bars required for multi-storey work are
scheduled floor by floor. Scheduler is
prepared by detailer, the reinforcement
suppler, the steelfixer, quantity surveyor.

After detailing of RC drawing, we can draw the
RC structure.
Detailing reinforced concrete structures requires
the production of two sets of drawings, that is,
the concrete drawings and the reinforcing
drawings.
The structure is dimensioned on the concrete
drawings and no reinforcing is shown. The
detailing of the reinforcing is done on the
reinforcing drawings and the dimensions of the
structure are not shown.
Dimensions and detailing of the drawings is very
important, and all sections and details must be
clearly indicated.

2.1 RC. Foundation
RC foundation are used to support columns

and walls. Column can be concrete, steel,
masonry or Timber. Bases have to be capable
of taking the total load from structural
members distributed through columns.

Generality

CASES OF DEEP FOUNDATIONS

Details of pile cap

Detail of curb

Columns have different cross-section shapes:
It can be:
• Square
• Rectangular
• Circular

Notice:
Theoretically columns could get smaller as the

loading decreases towards top of the
building. In practice, however, we usually
keep the columns the same size, and only
reduce the quantity of reinforcements.

Column is detailed in elevation with sufficient
cross-sections to show the arrangement of
the longitudinal bars and the shape of the
links.
We show the longitudinal bars in elevation by
one bar drawn in full and short line to show
the extent of the others.
Adimension line is drawn a cross the set of
bars, carrying their description. On the down
figure six 32mm diameter high yield bars
(mark 05) have been used.

These bars stand on the kicker, and therefore
start 75mm above the foundation or floor
slab. Because they ca not occupy the same
space as the starter bars (indicated by a
broken line) they have to be cranked as
shown in the detail.
The extent of crank should be twice the

diameter of the bar, rounded up to the next
5mm multiple. The slope of crank should not
be more than 1 in 10.

The longitudinal bars are made long enough
to act as starter bars for the next storey.
Consequently, they finish by adding 75mm
(for the kicker) and the lap length above the
next floor level.
The actual shape of the links should be seen
in horizontal cross-section. Their distribution
must be shown in the elevation by one link
drawn in full and short line to indicate the
next extent of the set of link.

Clips)
These drawings illustrate some of the ways that we can arrange links to
restrain the longitudinal bars in a column.

SPLICE DETAIL FOR COLUMN
COVER
CLOSE
TIES @S/2 SLOPE 1:6
S-SPACING
CORRECT
INCORRECT
COLUMN BOTH
SIDES REDUCTION
INCORRECT
SPLICE
SLOPE 1:8 FROM
BEAM BOTTOM 3NO.CLOSE TIES
CLOSE STPS SPACIN

<=75mm
3NO.CLOSE TIES
CORRECT
TERMINATION OF COLUMN BARS INSIDE BEAM
INCORRECT
Ld
CORRECT

From this
drawing of
reinforcement
layout give all
information
you can get
from it

Ex 2: Draw the reinforcement layout and complete
the bending schedule using the following
information:
• Base size: 2700X1850X500
• Column size: 500X250
• Concrete cover to base: 60
• Concrete cover to stirrups: 30
• Concrete cube strength: 250MPA (Base) and 30
MPA(Column)
Notice: Interpolate between 20MPA and 30 MPA for
your bond length
-Base reinforcement:Y12 at 200 centres, B1 Y16 at
250 centres B2 column starter bars: 6Y12
- Use (R8 clips – shape code 85) links-R8 at 150
centres

3.1 Definitions:
Beam: are structural elements, designed to carry
external loads. Beams experience bending moments,
shear forces and some times torsional moments
along their length.
Beam can be simply supported, fixed or continuous.
Either square, rectangular, flanged or tee
Simply
supported
beam, plan
view

A simple type of beam is usually rectangular in
cross-section. It is a good idea to make the
beams’ width the same as the width of the
column that support them. The depth of
beams usually includes the floor slab.
 The most simple beam has tensile
reinforcement, due to the nature of its
bending in the bottom, and stirrups
reinforcement to resist shearing forces across
the depth of the beam. See the drawing
below:

Hanger
bars

Two smaller diameter bars are provided in the
top of the beam, even if they are not required
for strength.
These bars normally called hanger bars are
referred to as Nominal reinforcement, they
enable the formation of a rigid cage which
will not collapse when the concrete is placed.
Beams are detailed in elevation, with
sufficient cross-sections to illustrate the
position of all the longitudinal bars and the
shape of stirrups or links.
Aldescriptions of bars are given on the
elevation and only the bar mark are repeated
in the cross-section.

Detail of a typical beam that is continuous

In case we have a continuous beam, over the
support there are two layers of bars in the top
of the beam, to cater for the high tensile
forces in that area. The reason for this is to
leave a gap in the middle of the beam to insert
a poker vibrator to compact the concrete (fig
a). Another case to consider is where there are
many bars in a beam. The problem is that one
stirrup may not be enough and therefore
multiple stirrups should be fixed in sets (Fig.
b).

80
Provision of spacers
Fig.a
Forms (a) and (b) show normal closed stirrups, (b)
being used if the top of beam is in compression, to
provide lateral restraining to all the top bars. Form
(c)shows open stirrups, since the floor slab
reinforcement will provide the closing steel. Form
(d)is a wide beam in which sufficient stirrups are
used to ensure the rigidity of the cage. Form (e) is
a deep beam where nominal face reinforcement of
the sides of beam stiffens the stirrups when the
concrete is placed, and prevents cracking of the
beam sides.
In case stirrups are not enough to counteract the
shearing forces in the beam we use bent up bars
se figure below.

NB: Instead of terminating bars no longer required for tensile
purposes, they can be bent up (or down) through an angle of 450,
so that they can pass through the area where the shearing forces
are their greatest and so help to resist them. Notice that the
shearing forces are at their greatest where there’s a change from
tension to compression.

EQ-REGION-CONTINUOUS BEAM Dos and Don’ts
INCORRECT
50mmmax CONTINUOUS BARS NOT LESS THAN ¼

AREA OF BARS AT COL.FACE CORRECT
A=L1/ A=L1/ A=L1/

3 3 3
Ld
stp@maxd/2 2d 2d stp@maxd/2
2d Stirrup spacing=d/4
1/3/2019 or 100mm or 8dia Civil Engg Drawing and 2DCAD 83
which ever is t least
EQ REGION-BEAM-COL JN-EXTERIOR
*COL.CORE HAS TO
BE CONFINED BY CIRCULAR OR RECTANGULAR TIES IN ACCORDANCE
WITH END REGION
SPACING OF
LATERAL TIES
<=d/2
COL.
END REGION
CORE*
SPACING OF
LATERAL TIES
<=100mm
END REGION
BEAM COL. JUNCTION-EQ
REGION
INCORRECT CORRECT
SPACING OF
LATERAL TIES
<=d/2 BEAM COL. JUNCTION-EQ
REGION

Column and Beam connections

3.3 Slabs
Slabs are divided into suspended slabs and supported slabs.
Suspended slabs may be divided into two groups:
-Slabs supported on edges of beams and walls
-Slabs supported directly columns without beams (known us flat
slabs)
Typical Flat Slab

Supported beam may be:
One-way Slab: which are supported on two sides and main
reinforcement in one direction only. The main reinforcement is
provided along the shorter span. In order to distribute the load ,
distribution steel is necessary, and it is placed on the longer side

 Two way Slabs:
There are slabs supported on four sides and reinforced in two
directions. The principle values of the bending moments
determine the size and number of reinforcement bars in each
direction. See the drawing down for better understanding.
Plan
view

Detailing Slabs

3.4 Detailing floor slab
Floor Slabs are detailed in plan with sufficient sections to show
the positioning of all reinforcement. Descriptions of bars are
given in full on the plan view and only the bar marks are
repeated in the sections. If possible , dimensions to show the
positions of the ends of bars are given in the section, rather than
on the plan.
Set of similar bars should be indicated by one bars drawn in
full and short lines to mark the extreme bars, with a dimension
line across the set of bars carrying their description. Where bars
are staggered or alternate bars are reversed, it is usual to show
a pair of staggered or alternate bars in full on the plan
No attempt should be made to indicate the bent shape of the

bars on the plan. This can be done in the section.
Secondary or distribution steel is always provided in slabs. This

spreads any point load sideways over the primary reinforcement to
form a rigid mat, which prevents bars from being displaced by the
wet concrete

The layer of reinforcement is supported on spacers of thickness
appropriate to cover required, but the upper layer requires chairs to
support it. Chairs may be formed out of reinforcement to support the
upper layer. Code 99 requires a dimensional sketch to be drawn over
columns.

Staircase Elevation

Chapter 4: Retaining structures
Details
4.1 RETAINING WALLS
Small Height Retaining Walls retaining walls

must be stable and the usual rule of thumb
for small height brick retaining walls is for
the height to lie between 2 and 4 times the
wall thickness. Stability highly concerned in
case of retaining wall design

Retaining Walls up to 6000 High ~ these can be classified as
medium height retaining walls and have the primary function of
retaining soils at an angle in excess of the soil's natural angle of
repose. Walls within this height range are designed to provide the
necessary resistance by either their own mass or by the principles
of leverage.
Design ~ the actual design calculations are usually carried out by
a structural engineer who endeavours to ensure that :-
1. Overturning of the wall does not occur.
2. Forward sliding of the wall does not occur.
3. Materials used are suitable and not overstressed .
4. The subsoil is not overloaded.
5. In clay subsoils slip circle failure does not occur.
The factors which the designer will have to take into account:-
1.Nature and characteristics of the subsoil(s).
2.Height of water table - the presence of water can create
hydrostatic pressure on the rear face of the wall, it can also
affect the bearing capacity of the subsoil together with its
shear strength, reduce the frictional resistance between the
underside of the foundation and the subsoil and reduce the
passive pressure in front of the toe of the wall.
3. Type of wall.
4. Material(s) to be used inCivilthe
1/3/2019
construction of the wall.
Engg Drawing and 2DCAD 112
Contrefort Retaining wall


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ENGINEERING DRAWING II

BY Eng. J d’Amour DUSABIMANA

1/3/2019 Civil Engg Drawing and 2DCAD 1

1/3/2019 Civil Engg Drawing and 2DCAD 2

 Being guided into developing their individual

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- sectional elevations of RCC retaining wall

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Reinforcement of concrete base

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RC foundation are used to support columns

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Theoretically columns could get smaller as the

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The extent of crank should be twice the

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CLOSE STPS SPACIN

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50mmmax CONTINUOUS BARS NOT LESS THAN ¼

A=L1/ A=L1/ A=L1/

WITH END REGION

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Typical Flat Slab

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