HAYDRAULICS

FLOW THROUGH PIPES

 INTRODUCTION

A pipe is a closed conduit , generally of circular-section used

to carry water or any other fluid .
When the pipe is running full, the flow is under pressure .
 LOSS OF HEAD IN PIPES

When the water is flowing in a pipe, it experiences some

resistance to its motion, whose effect is to reduce the
velocity and ultimately the head of water available .

Though there are many types of losses, yet the major loss
is due to frictional resistance of the pipe only
The frictional resistance of a pipe depends upon the
roughness of the inside surface of the pipe, greater will be
the resistance.

This friction is know as fluid friction and the resistance is

know as frictional resistance.
The ealier experiments on the fluid friction were conducted by
Froude who concluded that :

1- the frictional resistance varies approximately with the square

of the velocity of liquid.

2-the frictional resistance varies with the nature of the surface.

 the following two are important from the subject point of

view

1-Darcy's formula for loss of head in pipes, and

2-Chezy's formula for loss of head in pipes.

 Darcy's formula for loss of head in pipes.

L= length of pipe

d= diameter of the pipe

v= velocity of water in the pipe.

F'=frictional resistance per unit area ( of wetted surface ) per unit

velocity, and

hf= loss of head due to friction

p1 A= p2A+frictional resistance

frictional resistance = p1 A-p2 A

frictional resistance p1 A - p2 A
=
w w
p1 p2
= hf
w w
frictional resistance P1 P2
= = hf
WA W
frictional resistance
π
×d ×w
2
4
 2
Hf = frictional resistance per unit area ×wetted area ×v

Hf = f' × π d L× v2

f ' πdlv 2 4 f ' lv 2

Hf = =
π
× d 2
× w wd
4
2 2
fw 4 fwlv 4 flv
f'= = =
2g 2 gdw 2 gd
 2
4 flv
Hf =
2 gd

π 2 4Q
Q= d ×v OR v =
4 πd 2

2
16Q
V2 = 2 4
 d

4  16 flQ 2 32 flQ 2 flQ 2

Hf =  
2 gd d2 4
g d2 5
3d 5
 2
0.5v
(a) loss of head at entrance =
g

v2
(b) loss of head due to velocity of water at outlet =
2g
0.5v 2 4 flv 2 v 2
Hf = + +
2g 2 gd 2g

2
4 flv
Hf =
2 gd
 =

Chezy's formula for loss of Head in pipes

L = length of the pipe

D = diameter of the pipe

Area of pipe

A= d2
2

Perimeter of pipe

P= d
V = velocity of water in pipe
F‘ = frictional resistance, per unit area
Hf = loss of head due to friction
P1 = intensity of pressure
P2 = intensity of pressure
P1A = p2A + frictional resistance
Frictional resistance = p1A – p2A

Frictional resistance P1 P2
 
AW W W
P1 P2
= = hf = loss of pressure head due to frictional
W W resistance

Frictional resistance
hf =
AW

frictional resistance= frictional resistance per unit area at unit

velocity × wetted area × (velocity)2

frictional resistance =f'×πdl×v2

The value of frictional resistance in the above equation

Hf =
f '×πdl × v f '× p × lv
2 2

=
AW AW
2
f ' lv p
= ×
w A
Area of flow A
m (mean depth) = =
wetted perimeter P
 2
f ' lv 1
hf = ×
w m
hf .w.m w hf
2
v= = ×m×
f '.l f' l
w hf
V=
×m×
f' l
 w
V= c
f'

hf
=i
l
V= c mi
π
Area × d 2
d
m= = 4 =
perimeter d ×π 4
 2
p v
Total energy line = +
w 2g
2
v 1
 Section (1) total energy =
2g
2
v2
 Section (2) total energy =
2g
2 2
v 1 v2
 Total energy (ab)
= 2g

ad = ab + bc + cd