CHAPTER 6

EARTHING SYSTEM
 EARTHING SYSTEM
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

• Three earthing systems such as defined in IEC

364 are:
1) exposed-conductive parts connected to neutral
TN;
2) earthed neutral TT;
3) unearthed (or impedance-earthed) neutral IT
 PURPOSE OF EARTHING SYSTEM
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

• regards protection of persons and property:

mastery of insulation fault effects.
• They are considered to be equivalent with respect
to safety of persons against indirect contacts
 CLASSISFICATIONS
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

• The extent of the earth fault and the consequences

deriving from the touching of live exposed-
conductive-parts are specifically related to the
neutral condition of the power system and to the
types of system earthing.

• As a consequence, to select the proper device for

the protection against earth faults, it is necessary
to know the installation distribution system. The
International Standard IEC 60364-3 classifies the
electrical systems with the combination of two
letters.
 CLASSISFICATIONS
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

• The first letter indicates the relationship of the

power system to earth:

>> T = direct connection to earth of one point,

usually the neutral, in ac systems

>> I = all live parts isolated from earth or one point,

usually the neutral, connected to earth through an
impedance.
 CLASSISFICATIONS
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

• The second letter indicates the relationship of the

exposed-conductive- parts of the installation to
earth:

>> T = direct electrical connection of exposed-

conductive parts to earth

>> N = direct electrical connection of the exposed-

conductive parts to the earthed point of the power
system.
 CLASSISFICATIONS
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

• Subsequent letters, if any, indicates the

arrangement of neutral and protective conductors:

S = neutral and protective functions provided by

separate conductors

C = neutral and protective functions combined in a

single conductor (PEN conductor).
 CLASSISFICATIONS
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

• For TN-S, TN-C-S and TT systems the following

explanations should aid a full understanding of the
earthing arrangements and their scope of
application.

• The nomenclature of these system types is as

follows:

• T =Earth (from the French word Terre)

• N=Neutral

• S=Separate

• C=Combined
 TT SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

• This arrangement covers installations not provided

with an earth terminal by the Electricity Supply
Company.

• Thus it is the method employed by most (usually

rural) installations fed by an overhead supply.
 TT SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

• Neutral and earth (protective) conductors must be

kept quite separate throughout the installation, with
the final earth terminal connected to an earth
electrode by means of an earthing conductor.
 TT SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

• The earth fault current returns to the power supply

node through the soil.

• In this type of electrical installations the neutral is

usually distributed and its function is making the
phase voltage (e.g. 240 V) available for the supply of
the single-phase loads of civil installations.

• Effective earth connection is sometimes difficult.

• Because of this, socket outlet circuits must be

protected by a residual current device (RCD) with an
operating current of 30 mA.
 TT SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

• Effective earth connection is sometimes difficult.

• Because of this, socket outlet circuits must be

protected by a residual current device (RCD) with an
operating current of 30 mA.
TT SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM
 TN SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

• In TN systems, the neutral is directly earthed,

whereas the exposed-conductive-parts are
connected to the same earthing arrangement of
the neutral.

• TN electrical systems can be divided into three

types based on the fact that the neutral and
protective conductors are separate or not:

1) TN-S
2) TN-C
3) TN-C-S
 TN SYSTEMS: TN-S
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

• The neutral conductor N and the protective

conductor PE are separated
TN SYSTEMS: TN-S
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM
 TN SYSTEMS: TN-C
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

• TN-C: the neutral and protective functions are

combined into a single conductor, called PEN.
 TN SYSTEMS: TN-C-S
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

• TN-C-S: the neutral and protective functions are

partially combined into a single PEN conductor and
partially separated PE + N
TN SYSTEMS: TN-C-S
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM
 TN SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

• In TN systems the earth fault current returns to the

power supply node through a direct metal
connection (PE or PEN conductor) without
practically affecting the earth electrode
 IT SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

• The installation arrangements in the IT system are

the same for those of the TT system.
• However, the supply earthing is totally different.
• The IT system can have an unearthed supply, or one
which is not solidly earthed but is connected to earth
through a current limiting impedance.
 IT SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

• The total lack of earth in some cases, or the

introduction of current limiting into the earth path,
means that the usual methods of protection will not
be effective.
• For this reason, IT systems are not allowed in the
public supply system.
• An exception is in medical situations such as
hospitals. Here it is recommended that an IT
system is used for circuits supplying medical
equipment that is intended to be used for life-
support of patients.
• The method is also sometimes used where a
supply for special purposes is taken from a private
generator.
 IT SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

• The earth fault current returns to the power supply

node through the earthing arrangement of the
exposed conductive parts and the capacities to earth
of the line conductors.
 Example Grounding System
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

• Let’s say Taman Jejawi, in Kangar Town, There is a

terrace house has two master bed room including a
small drawing room and total load consumption of
the house is 450 watts.

• Can you draw the grounding system for this house?

• Can you estimate the length of copper conductors?
• Can you estimate the number of copper connectors?
• Can you calculate grounding resistance for this house?
• Can you estimate the budget ?
 Drawing of Grounding System
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

•Try yourself
 Grounding Resistance
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

Calculation

•Try yourself
 Budget of Grounding System
CHAPTER 6: EARTHING SYSTEM

•Try yourself
THANK YOU

Terima Kasih