Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Use of minerals
• Bauxite (Al(OH)3•nH20) Beverage cans
• Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) Electrical Wires
• Gold (Au) Jewelry; Cell phone
Circuitry
• Graphite (C) Lead Pencil
• Diamond (C) Dentist’s drill
• Chromite (FeCr204) Chrome plating
• Ruby Lasers
Filipino
Use of minerals
• Quartz (SiO2) Glass; Watch component
• Gypsum (CaSO4) Plaster; Taho?
• Sulfur (S) Sulfa drugs, Foot powder
• Galena (PbS) Lead plating (x-rays)
• Calcite (CaCO3) Cement
• Fluorite (CaF2) Flux in steel making
• Silver (Ag) Photographic film
Use of minerals
But even with 60.8% of the oper- ating mines already located in
Mindanao, it is still largely untapped for its mineral wealth,
estimated to host 50% of the Gold and 65% of Nickel reserves of
the country (Billedo, 2014).
Definition of a mineral
1. Naturally occurring
2. Inorganic
3. Solid
4. Ordered internal structure
5. Definite chemical composition (may vary
only very slightly)
Naturally occurring
• Should not be
synthesized
– Synthetic diamond
– Ceramics
synthesized by
chemists and
engineers
Inorganic
• Should not have been
produced by an
organism
– Skeletons of
animals
– Shells of molluscs
– Whewellite (kidney
stones)
Solid
• Liquids are not
allowed
– Mercury (Hg)
– Ice is a mineral but
liquid water is not
Ordered internal structure
• Atoms comprising the • Glass does not have
mineral are arranged any ordered structure
in an ordered fashion
Definite chemical composition
• Can vary only slightly
– e.g. Olivine The ions Fe+2 and
Mg+2 can substitute
• Fe2SiO4
each other at specific
• Mg2SiO4 lattice points
Definite chemical composition
Can bring about the
different varieties in
color of a mineral
Minerals
• In the strict sense should satisfy the 5 parts
of the definition
• If some are not satisfied then they are called
mineraloids
Basic structure of atom
Types of bonds
Primary bonding forces Secondary bonding
forces
• Ionic
• Covalent • Van der Waals
• Metallic • Hydrogen bonding
Ionic bond
Electrons are transferred to form a bond
Covalent bonding
Electrons are shared to form a bond
Physical properties
each mineral is characterized by
a unique set of physical
properties
Others
Crystal form
• External expression of
a mineral that reflects
the ordered internal
structure of a mineral
– Cubic
– Octahedron
– Rhombic
– Hexagonal
– Dodecahedron
Luster
• The appearance or
quality of light
reflected from the
surface of a mineral
– Adamantine
– Glassy
– Pearly
– Greasy
– Metallic
Color
• A phenomenon of
light by which
otherwise identical
objects may be
differentiated
– Red
– Blue
– Green
– Yellow
Streak
• The color of a mineral
in powdered form
– Blue
– Green
– Yellow
– Red
Hardness
1. Talc • A mineral’s resistance
2. Gypsum to scratching and
3. Calcite abrasion
4. Fluorite
5. Apatite
6. Orthoclase
7. Quartz
8. Topaz
9. Corundum (Ruby)
10. Diamond
Cleavage
The tendency of a
mineral to break along
weak planes of
bonding
Fracture
• Irregular breaking of a
mineral
– Conchoidal fracture
– Splintery fracture
Specific gravity
• The ratio between the
weight of a mineral
and an equal volume
of water
Other physical properties
• Magnetism
• Fluorescence
• Double refraction
Types of Minerals
• 4000 have been named and about 40 to 50
are being named each year
• No more than a
dozen are
common
Mineral Groups
• Silicates (SiO2, • Carbonates
Mg2SiO4) (CaCO3,)
• Oxides (Fe2O3, • Native elements
Fe3O4, Al2O3) (Au, Ag)
• Sulfides (FeS2, • Halides (NaCl,
ZnS) CaF2)
• Sulfates (CaSO4, • Hydroxides
BaSO4) • Phosphates
Abundance of elements in the
Earth’s crust
• Oxygen – 46.6 %
• Silicon – 27.7 %
• Aluminum – 8.1 %
• Iron – 5.0 %
• Calcium – 3.6 %
• Sodium – 2.8 %
• Potassium – 2.6 %
• Magnesium – 2.1 %
Total = 98.3
Silicates
• Most abundant
minerals on earth are
silicates
• Building block is the
silicon tetrahedron
• SiO4-4
Silicates
• Tetrahedrons can link
• Polymerization – the
linking of silicon
tetrahedrons
Igneous rocks
Igneous rock
• Definition:
– Rock formed from the crystallization of magma
– Composed of aggregates of interlocking
crystalline minerals
Composition of magma
• Dominantly ions of Silicon tetrahedra
(SiO4-4) and cations (e.g. Fe+2, Fe+3, Mg+2)
moving about in a hot liquid medium.
Composition of igneous rock
• Dominantly
silicate
minerals
Types of Igneous rocks
• Extrusive (volcanic • Intrusive (plutonic
rock) rock)
Igneous textures
• Texture – a term used to describe the
overall appearance of the rock based on the
size, shape, and appearance of the
interlocking crystals
• Texture is important because it can be used
to distinguish between an intrusive rock and
an extrusive rock
Igneous textures
1. Phaneritic
2. Aphanitic
3. Glassy
4. Porphyritic
Phaneritic
• Coarse-grained
texture with crystals
large enough to be
seen by the naked
eye (> 1 mm).
Aphanitic
• Fine-grained texture
with crystals not
large enough to be
seen by the naked
eye (< 1 mm)
Glassy
• No crystals (minerals)
are formed
• Unordered ions
Porphyritic
• Coarse-grained
crystals inset in a
finer-grained matrix
Factors affecting size of crystals
• Rate of cooling
– Slow rate of
cooling large
crystals
– Fast rate of
cooling small
crystals
– Very fast rate of
cooling glass
Porphyritic
Q:Where did this
porphyritic igneous
rock form?