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Solution
From Figure 1, a pressure of about 330 psia is determined for the
corresponding conditions of temperature and specific gravity
stated.
Solution
(a) From Figure 2, we obtain the following:
Water content of the gas stream at the initial conditions (1000 psia and 90 F) is
46 lb/MMCF
Water content of the gas stream at conditions of 1000 psia and 35 F is 7.6
lb/MMCF.
Water to be separated is 46-7.6=38.4 lb/MMCF
(b) The natural gas, once it reaches the delivery point at 300 psia, carries with
it a water content of 7.6 lb/MMCF. Applying these two parameters to Figure 2,
one can read the dew point temperature of 12F.
METHODS USED TO INHIBIT HYDRATE FORMATION
Hydrate formation in natural gas is promoted by high-pressure, low temperature
conditions and the presence of liquid water. Therefore,
hydrates can be prevented by the following:
1. Raising the system temperature
2. Injecting a chemical such as methanol or glycol to depress the
freezing point of liquid water (Chemical injection)
3. Removing water vapor from the gas liquid–water drop out that
is depressing the dew point (dehydration).
a) Indirect heaters. Both wellhead and flow line indirect heaters are commonly used to
heat natural gas to maintain the flowing temperature above the hydrate formation
temperature. The primary purpose of the wellhead heater is to heat the flowing gas
stream at or near the wellhead, where chocking or pressure
reduction frequently occurs. Flow line heaters, on the other hand,
provide additional heating if required.
b) Chemical Injection
Methanol and glycols are the most commonly used chemicals.The application of hydrate
inhibitors should be considered for such cases:
i) A system of gas pipelines, where the problem of hydrate formation is of short duration.
ii) Gas gathering systems found in pressure-declining fields.
iii) Gas lines characterized by hydrate formation in localized points.
Inhibitors function in the same manner as ‘‘antifreeze’’ when added to liquid water. Thus, by
causing a depression of the hydrate formation temperature.
Methanol Injection
Methanol is the most commonly used non recoverable hydrate inhibitor. It
has the following properties:
1. It is non corrosive.
2. It is chemically inert; no reaction with the hydrocarbons.
3. It is soluble in all proportions with water.
Methanol is soluble in liquid hydrocarbons (about 0.5% by weight).
Therefore, if the gas stream has high condensate contents, a significant additional volume of
methanol will be required.
Glycol Injection
Glycol functions in the same way as methanol; however, glycol has a lower vapor pressure and
does not evaporate into the vapor phase as readily as methanol. It is also less soluble in liquid
hydrocarbons than methanol. This, together with the fact that glycol could be recovered and
reused for the treatment, reduces the operating costs as compared to the methanol injection.
c) Dehydration Methods
The most common dehydration methods used for natural gas processing
are as follows:
1. Absorption, using the liquid desiccants (e.g., glycols and
methanol)
2. Adsorption, using solid desiccants (e.g., alumina and silica gel)