Standard Internetworking

Models
Lectured by: Sir Tim

Technological University of the Philippines Electronics Engineering Department Timothy M. Amado, ECE
OSI MODEL

What is OSI Model?

 The first major attempt to internetwork various vendor-specific networks, with the
ultimate goal being that these different vendor networks could work together in
harmony.
 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) created the OSI model.
 Not widely used today, but prevalent in networking terminology and maybe helpful
in troubleshooting network issues

Technological University of the Philippines Electronics Engineering Department Timothy M. Amado, ECE
SEVEN LAYERS OF THE OSI MODEL

Technological University of the Philippines Electronics Engineering Department Timothy M. Amado, ECE
UPPER LAYERS

Responsibility of the Upper Layers

 The upper layers of the OSI model define communications between applications
that reside on end-user stations
 Functions of the upper layers are related to software communications

Technological University of the Philippines Electronics Engineering Department Timothy M. Amado, ECE
APPLICATION LAYER

Functions of Application Layer

 Provides an interface between a host’s communication software and any necessary
external applications (such as email, file transfers, and terminal emulation)
 Synchronization of client/server applications
 Error control and data integrity between applications
 System-independent processes to a host

Application Layer Protocols

 Telnet  DNS  NTP
 HTTP  SMTP  DHCP
 HTTPS  POP3
 FTP  NFS
 TFTP  SNMP

Technological University of the Philippines Electronics Engineering Department Timothy M. Amado, ECE
PRESENTATION LAYER

Functions of Presentation Layer

 Presents data to the Application layer.
 Acts as a data format translator.
 Handles the structuring of data and negotiating data transfer syntax to Layer 7.
 Processes involved include data encryption, decryption, compression, and
decompression

Presentation Layer Protocols

 JPEG  MPEG
 ASCII  MIDI
 EBCDIC  RTF
 TIFF
 GIF

Technological University of the Philippines Electronics Engineering Department Timothy M. Amado, ECE
SESSION LAYER

Functions of Session Layer

 Handles dialog control among devices.
 Determines the beginning, middle, and end of a session or conversation that occurs
between applications (intermediary).

Session Layer Protocols

 SQL
 RPC

Technological University of the Philippines Electronics Engineering Department Timothy M. Amado, ECE
LOWER LAYERS

Responsibility of the Lower Layers

 The focus of the lower layers of the OSI Model is data transport
 The data can be done by a router, switch or physical wire

Technological University of the Philippines Electronics Engineering Department Timothy M. Amado, ECE
TRANSPORT LAYER

Functions of Transport Layer

 Manages end-to-end connections and data delivery between two hosts.
 Segments and reassembles data.

Transport Layer Protocols

 TCP
 UDP

Provides reliable networking through…

 Acknowledgments
 Sequencing
 Flow control

Technological University of the Philippines Electronics Engineering Department Timothy M. Amado, ECE
NETWORK LAYER

Functions of Network Layer

 Determines best path for packet delivery across the network.
 Determines logical addressing, which can identify the destination of a packet or
datagram.

Types of Packets
 Data Packets
 Router Update Packet

Technological University of the Philippines Electronics Engineering Department Timothy M. Amado, ECE
DATA LINK LAYER

Functions of Data Link Layer

 Ensures reliable data transfer from the Network layer to the Physical layer.
 Oversees physical or hardware addressing.
 Formats packets into a frame.
 Provides error notification.

Data Link Sublayers

 Media Access Control (MAC)
 Logical Link Control (LLC)

Technological University of the Philippines Electronics Engineering Department Timothy M. Amado, ECE
PHYSICAL LAYER

Functions of Physical Layer

 Moves bits between nodes.
 Assists with the activation, maintenance, and deactivation of physical connectivity
between devices.

Attributes of Physical Layer

 Specification of voltage, wire speed, and pin-out cables
 Capability to receive and transmit a data signal
 Identification of the interface that is set up between the data terminal equipment
(DTE) and the data communication equipment (DCE)

Technological University of the Philippines Electronics Engineering Department Timothy M. Amado, ECE
LAYERED COMMUNICATION

LAYER PDU

Application
Presentation Data
Session
Transport Segments
Network Packets
Data Link Frames
Physical Bits

Technological University of the Philippines Electronics Engineering Department Timothy M. Amado, ECE
TCP/IP Model

What is the TCP/IP Model?

 Also known as the Department of Defense (DoD) model
 The goal was to provide reliable networking and data integrity in the event of a
disaster

Technological University of the Philippines Electronics Engineering Department Timothy M. Amado, ECE
OSI and TCP/IP Model

OSI TCP/IP
Application
Presentation Application
Session
Transport Transport
Network Internet
Data Link
Network Access
Physical

Technological University of the Philippines Electronics Engineering Department Timothy M. Amado, ECE
APPLICATION LAYER

Functions of Application Layer

 This layer combines functionalities of the three top layers of the OSI model
 Also called the Process/Application layer.
 All protocols of the upper layers of the OSI model are used as protocols in the
TCP/IP application layer

Technological University of the Philippines Electronics Engineering Department Timothy M. Amado, ECE
TRANSPORT LAYER

Functions of Transport Layer

 Also known as the host – to – host layer
 Responsible for reliable data delivery
 Make certain that data arrives in the proper order

Protocols of Transport Layer

 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Technological University of the Philippines Electronics Engineering Department Timothy M. Amado, ECE
TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL

What is TCP?
 TCP is a reliable connection-oriented protocol.
 Uses acknowledgment, sequencing and flow control to ensure reliable connection

Application
Port No.
Protocol
FTP 20, 21
Telnet 23
SMTP 25
DNS 53
(Zone Transfer)

HTTP 80
POP3 110
HTTPS 443

Technological University of the Philippines Electronics Engineering Department Timothy M. Amado, ECE
USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL

What is UDP?
 UDP is a connectionless protocol
 It lacks sequence, acknowledgment, and windowing capabilities

Application
Port No.
Protocol
DCHP 67, 68
DNS 53
(name resolution)

TFTP 69
NTP 123
SNMP 161

Technological University of the Philippines Electronics Engineering Department Timothy M. Amado, ECE
INTERNET LAYER
Functions of Internet Layer
 Corresponds to the Network layer of the OSI model

Protocols of Internet Layer

 Internet Protocol (IP)
 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), Reverse ARP and Proxy ARP

IP Key Characteristics ICMP ARP, RARP and PARP

 IPv4 has 32 bits, divided
into 4 octets
 The minimum value (per
octet) is 0 and the
maximum value is 255
 Used by ping and
traceroute utilities
 ARP maps a known IP address
to a MAC address
 RARP maps a known MAC
address to an IP address
 PARP enables ARP for remote
hosts

Technological University of the Philippines Electronics Engineering Department Timothy M. Amado, ECE
Network Access Layer

Functions of Network Access Layer

 Combines the functions of the OSI’s Physical and Data Link Layers
 Manages hardware addressing and physical data transfer.

Technological University of the Philippines Electronics Engineering Department Timothy M. Amado, ECE