Inflow Performance Reservoir IPR

PDVSA
Exploración y Producción
Inflow Performance
PDVSA
Instructional Objectives
• Calculate the IPR for oil wells

• Calculate the IPR for gas wells
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Reservoir Capabilities
Single phase liquid flow
• Darcy’s Law
– Liquid flow in Laminar Flow through a permeable
medium is described by Darcy’s Law
7.08 X 10 k h  pr  pwf 
3
q
  re  
 o Bo  ln    0.75  s  a ' q 

  w
r 
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Required Data
• Permeability (k)
• Thickness of producing zone (h)
• Average reservoir pressure (P)
• Average viscosity (u) - PVT
• Average oil formation volume factor (Bo)-PVT
• Radius of drainage (re)
• Radius if the drilled hole (rw)
• Total skin (S)
• Turbulent flow (aq)
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Reservoir Capabilities
• s = Skin Factor (dimensionless)
 k   ra 
s    1 ln  
 ka   rw 
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Productivity Index
• A common indicator of liquid reservoir

behavior is PI or productivity index
– Referred to as “J” in SPE nomenclature
q
J STB/ D / psi
p  p wf
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Productivity Index in Terms

of Darcy’s Law
3
7.08 X 10 k h
J
  re  
o Bo  ln    0.75  s 
  rw  
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Calculating Flowrate
• Using PI, we can calculate flowrate, q, quickly
and easily from
q  J (p  p wf )
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Exercise 1
• Given reservoir parameters:

k = 30 md
h = 40 ft
o = 0.5 cp
Bo = 1.2 RB/STB
hole size = 8 ½ inches
s =0
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Exercise 1
• Calculate:
– J for re = 1,000 ft
– q for a drawdown ( p  p wf ) of 750 psi
– q for a drawdown of 1,000 psi
– With p = 3,000 psia, calculate q for a complete
drawdown (absolute open flow potential).
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Two-phase flow in the reservoir

• Bubblepoint pressure (pb)
– Pressure at which first bubble of gas is released
from reservoir oils
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Multiphase Flow
• Vogel’s Behavior
– IPR Curve - Vogel plotted the data using the
following dimensionless variables
p wf q
and
p qmax
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Multiphase Flow
• Mathematical model for Vogel’s curve
 q  
2
 pwf   pwf 
   1  0.2    0.8   
 qmax    p   p  
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Vogel Curve
1
0.8
0.6
pwf/pr
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
25 WV
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PDVSA
Exercise 2
Given Data:
• Pr = 2400 psi
• qo=100 b/d
• Pwf=1800 psi
Calculate:
• qo max
• Construct IPR curve
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Combination single phase liquid and two

phase flow
J
q
STB / D / psi 
p  pwf
+
 q  
2
 pwf   pwf 
   1  0.2    0.8   
 qmax    p   p  
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Multiphase Flow
• Combination Darcy/Vogel
pb
Pressure
pwf
J pb
qb
qmax
1.8
O
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PDVSA
Multiphase Flow
• Mathematical relationship between Vogel

(qmax) and Darcy (AOF)
J  Pb
qmax  qb 
1.8
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Multiphase Flow
• How to find qmax:
for q  qb , Darcy's law applies : q  Jp  p wf 


  2
 p  p 
for q  qb then : q  qb  qmax  qb  1  0.2 wf  0.8  wf  
  pb  pb  

J pb
qmax  qb 
1.8
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Exercise 3
• Pr =3000 psia
• Pb = 2000 psia (bubble point)
• K = 30 md
• h = 60 ft
• Bo = 1.2
• uo = 0.68 cp
• re = 2000 ft
• rw = 0.4 ft
• S=0
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Exercise 3
Calculate:
• q(bubble point)
• qo max if it follows Vogel´s relationship below Pb
• qo for flowing pressure of
(a) 2500 psia
(b) 1000 psia
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Procedure for flow efficiency not

Equal to 1.0
Pr  P´wf
FE 
Pr  Pwf
Where:
P´wf = The equivalent undamaged flowing pressure
Pwf = actual flowing pressure
Pr = static reservoir pressure
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Pwf´
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Exercise 4
Given Data
• Pr=2600 psi<Pb
• test shows q =500 b/d for Pwf = 1800 psia from
build up, the FE value = 0.6
Calculate
• (1) qomax for FE =1.0
• (2) qomax for FE =0.6
• (3) Find qo for Pwf=1300 psia for FE=0.6, 1.0
and 1.3
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Three or Four points tests

• Fetcovich proposed that flow after flow or
isochronal test as used on gas wells could also
be used on oil wells
q  J ' o(Pr  Pwf )

2 2 n
q  C (Pr  Pwf )
2 2 n
• These equations are straight lines on log log with

J’o and C representing the intercept on the q axis
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Exercise 5
• Given Data: four point oil well test:
Pr = 2500 psia Pb=3000 psia
Test qo Pwf
1 880 2000
2 1320 1500
3 1595 1000
4 1752 500
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Exercise 5
Calculate:
(1) value of exponent n
(2) value of J’o
(3) Absolute open flow potential (AOFP) or qmax
(4) qo for Pwf=2200 psia
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Three or Four points tests

• Jones, Blount, and Glaze suggest that radial flow
for both oil and gas could be represented to
show wether near wellbore restriction exist
7.08 X 10 k h  p  pwf 
3
q
  re  
 o Bo  ln    0.75  s  a ' q 

  w
r 
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  (ln re / rw  3 / 4  S   9.08 10 13 Bo   2

Pr  Pwf   q   q

3
  4h
2
r 
7.08 10  kh   p w 
b a
Pr  Pwf   (ln re / rw  3 / 4  S   9.08 10 13 Bo  

  q
q 
3 
  4h p rw
2 
7.08 10  kh 
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 9.08 10 13 Bo  

a 
 4h
2
r 
 p w 
  (ln re / rw  3 / 4  S 
b 3

 7.08 10  kh 
Pr  Pwf
 aq  b
q
b'  b  aq max
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Conclusions based on the plot

(1) if b is low -less than 0.05- no formation damage occurs in
the well. The degree of damage will increase with
increasing values of b
(2) If the value of b’/b is low -less than 2-litlle or not
turbulence is occurring in the well formation system
(3) If the value of b and b’/b are low, the well has a good
completion
(4) If the value of b is low and b’/b is high, stimulation is not
recommended. The low productivity is caused by
insufficient open perforated area. Additional perforations
would be recommended
(5) if the value of b is high and b’/b is low, stimulation is
recommended
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Exercise 6
• Given Data: well test:
• Reservoir pressure= 4453 psi
Test qo(b/d) Pwf (psi)
1 545 4427
2 672 4418
3 746 4412
4 822 4405
Calculate:
(1) Plot (Pr-Pwf)/qo
(2) Recommend ways to improve the productivity of
the well
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Future IPR
• Future production rate
• determine when a well is to be placed on artificial
lift
• Rate acceleration projects and comparing
artificial lift methods
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Future IPR
• Fetcovich procedure
qo  J ' o1 
 Pr2  2
 Pr2  Pwf 2 
n
 Pr1 
From a three or four point flow test it is posible

to predict IPR curves at other static reservoir
pressures
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Exercise 7
• Given Data (from exercise 5)
• The equation describing this test was:
0.70192
 (2500) 2  Pwf 2 
qo  3.906 
 1000 
Calculate:
• (1) qo max when Pr lowers to 1800 psia
• (2) qo for Pwf=800 psia when Pr=1800 psia
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Gas Reservoirs
• Pseudosteady State
– The behavior of gas flowing in laminar flow
through a porous medium (Darcy’s Law)
q

7.03X10 4 k h p 2  p2wf 
  re  
g T z  ln    0.75  s 
  rw  
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PDVSA
Calculation of IPR Curve

4000
3000
pwfs, psia
2000
1000
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
q, Mscf/day
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Using the Real Gas

Pseudopressure (pp (p))
q
 
7.03 x 10 4 kh pp p   pp p wf 
  re  
T  ln    0.75  s 
  rw  
and
p p
pp p   2  dp
p z
o
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Exercise 8
Plot the IPR Curve
Given the following data and using the pressure

squared relationship:
k = 100 md ug = 0.02 cp
h = 20 ft T = 610R
re = 1,500 ft Z = 0.9
rw = 0.33 ft P = 4,000 psig
s = 0 g = 0.65
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IPR in Gas Reservoirs

• Jones’ Gas IPR
– Problem -
• Darcy’s law valid for laminar flow only
• High permeability gas wells produce in
turbulent flow near the wellbore
2 2 2
p  pwf  aq  bq
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Definitions
   re  
 1.424x10 g z T  ln    0.75 
3
s 
a    rw  
 kh




 3.16 x1012   g T z
b 
 hp2 rw

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Exercise 9
• Given data: four point gas well test:
• Pr=4750 psia
Pwf (psia) Gas flow rate
MMScf/d
4213 9.45
3806 12.37
3243 15.21
2763 16.98
Recommended a way to improve the productivity of
this well
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Transient IPR Curves

• Assumptions
– Darcy’s and Jones’ laws assume that the
average pressure P is constant
– Drainage radius, re, is constant and that
• These assumptions are true in pseudo-
steady state only, i.e. when all of the outer
boundaries of the reservoir are reached.
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 The time to reach pseudo-steady state (pss),
tstab, can be calculated with the following equation
2
948   c t re
t stab 
k
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Exercise 10
Oil Well Stabilization Time
• Find tstab with the following data
– f = 0.1
– o = 0.5 cp
– ct = 2 X 10-5 psi-1
– re = 1,500 ft
For the following values of k:
0.1 md, 1.0 md, 10 md, and 100 md
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Exercise 11
Gas Well Stabilization Time
• Find tstab with the following data
– f = 0.1
– g = 0.02 cp
– ct = 2 X 10-4 psi-1
– re = 1,500 ft
For the following values of k:
0.1 md, 1.0 md, 10 md, and 100 md
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Transient Flow
pwf
p tstab > t3 > t2 > t1
t1
t2
tsta
b
t3
q
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• Transient Flow Equation

– for oil wells
k h p  p wf 
qo 
  kt  

162.6o Bo log    3.23  0.87s 
    c r2  
  o t w 
– for gas wells (low pressure only)
qg 

k h p 2  p2wf
   
1638g T z  log    3.23  0.87s 
k t
   c r2  
62 WV   g t w 
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Summary
• Purpose---> to show the various procedures
used in the construction of IPR curves for oil and
gas
• if reservoirs models are readily available, they
may be used in place of a less rigorous
procedure
• IPR curves for gas condensate reser voirs and
many wells producing from secondary and
tertiary recovery projects are good examples
where more sophisticated techniques are needed
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References
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Inflow Performance Reservoir IPR

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Inflow Performance Reservoir IPR

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PDVSA

• Calculate the IPR for oil wells

• s = Skin Factor (dimensionless)

• A common indicator of liquid reservoir

Productivity Index in Terms

• Given reservoir parameters:

Two-phase flow in the reservoir

Combination single phase liquid and two

• Mathematical relationship between Vogel

for q  qb , Darcy's law applies : q  Jp  p wf 

Procedure for flow efficiency not

Three or Four points tests

q  J ' o(Pr  Pwf )

• These equations are straight lines on log log with

Three or Four points tests

  (ln re / rw  3 / 4  S   9.08 10 13 Bo   2

Pr  Pwf   (ln re / rw  3 / 4  S   9.08 10 13 Bo  

 9.08 10 13 Bo  

Conclusions based on the plot

From a three or four point flow test it is posible

Calculation of IPR Curve

Using the Real Gas

Given the following data and using the pressure

IPR in Gas Reservoirs

Transient IPR Curves

Transient IPR Curves

p tstab > t3 > t2 > t1

Transient IPR Curves

• Transient Flow Equation

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