Bridge-Lrfd Theory-Deep Foundations

Session 3
LRFD Theory for

Geotechnical Design
Topic 3 – Part A
Deep Foundations
Course No. 130082A

LRFD for Highway Bridge Substructures
and Earth Retaining Structures
Learning Outcomes
A. State the performance limits that
should be evaluated when designing
a deep foundation
B. Be able to select a deep foundation
type
C. Be able to select the appropriate
resistance factor for each
performance limit evaluated
Deep Foundation
A
Performance Limits
Deep Foundation Design
Process
F.12
Detailed Flow Chart –

F.13
F.14
Start F.1 F.2 F.3 F.4 F.5
D.1 D.2 F.15
RM page 3.3.6
F.6 F.7 F.8 F.9 F.10
F.16
F.11
F.17
End D.4 D.3 F.18
1. Decide deep foundation type

2. Select resistance factor
3. Compute resistances
4. Layout foundation group and
analyze at the strength limit state
5. Check the service limit state
Strength Limit State Checks
Driven Piles Drilled Shafts

Structural Structural
resistance resistance
Axial geotechnical Axial geotechnical
resistance resistance
Driven resistance
Structural Axial Failure
Structural Flexure Failure
Structural Shear Failure
Axial Geotechnical Resistance
Driven Resistance
Pile damage
Driven Performance Limit
Driven Performance Limit
Service Limit State Checks

Global Stability Global Stability
Vertical Vertical
Displacement Displacement
Horizontal Horizontal
Displacement Displacement
Global Stability
Displacement
Dx
Dz
LRFD Differences from ASD
Same
 Determining Resistance
 Determining Deflection
Different
 Comparison of load and resistance
 Specific separation of resistance and
deflection
Deep foundation type
B
selection
Method of support
Bearing material depth
Load type, direction and magnitude
Constructability
Cost
Deep Foundation Types
Deep Foundation Material
Specialty / Composites
Cast-in-place Concrete
Post-tension Cocnrete
Prestressed Concrete
Pre-cast Concrete
Driven Piles
Wood
Steel
Driven X X X X X X X
Drilled or Bored -- X -- X X -- X
Jacked / Special X -- -- X X -- X
Drilled Shafts
Method of Support
End Bearing Side Friction Combined
Driven Low
Displacement Piles
Driven High
Displacement Piles
Drilled Shafts
Depth to Bearing/ Scour
Load Type and Direction
Permanent/ Transient/ Cyclic

Horizontal or Vertical
Load Type and Direction
Wood is better for transient

resistance than permanent
Steel pile better cyclic resistance
High horizontal loads better resisted
by stiffer piles or shafts
Load Magnitude
Typical range of
Deep foundation Typical
nominal (ultimate)
type length (feet)
resistance (kips)
Timber pile 75 – 200 20 – 40
Concrete pile 200 – 2,000 20 – 150
Steel H-pile 200 – 1,000 20 – 160
Pipe pile 175 – 2,500 20 – 100
Drilled shaft 750 – 10,000 20 – 160

Constructability
Obstructions/ Rock
Use low displacement

steel piles
-or-
Drilled shafts
Equipment access
Low headroom requires pile splicing

Equipment size a function of pile/shaft size
Wrap Up

4. Layout foundation group and analyze
at the strength limit state
Selection of
C
Resistance factors
Strength limit state
 Structural Resistance
 Geotechnical Resistance
 Driven Resistance (piles only)
Service limit state

 Resistance factor = 1.0
(except global stability)
Methods for determining
structural resistance
Axial compression
Combined axial and flexure
Shear
Concrete – Section 5
Steel – Section 6
LRFD
Specifications
Wood – Section 8
Structural resistance factors
Concrete (5.5.4.2.1) Steel (6.5.4.2)
Axial Comp. = 0.75 Axial = 0.5-0.6
Flexure = 0.9 Combined
Shear = 0.9 Axial= 0.7-0.8
Flexure = 1.0
Shear = 1.0
Timber (8.5.2.2)
LRFD
Compression = 0.9
Specifications Tension = 0.8
Flexure = 0.85
Shear = 0.75
Determining Geotechnical
Resistance of Piles
Field methods
 Static load test
 Dynamic load test (PDA)
 Driving Formulae
Static analysis methods

Determining Geotechnical
Resistance of Piles
Static Load Test
Load
Settlement
Pile top settlement

Dynamic Load Test (PDA)
Driving Formulas
Geotechnical Resistance
Factors for Piles
Method Site Variability 
Low 0.8 – 0.9
Static Load
Medium 0.7 – 0.9
Test
High 0.55 – 0.8
 Site Variability Defined in NCHRP

Report 507
 Range of Values of Resistance
Factors Depends on Number of
Static Load Tests
AASHTO Table 10.5.5.2.2-2
Factors for Piles
Method 
Dynamic Test w/Signal Matching (e.g.,
0.65
PDA + CAPWAP)
 Test 1% to 50% of Production

Piles, Depending on Site
Variability and Number of Piles
Driven
 Site Variability Defined in NCHRP
Report 507
AASHTO Table 10.5.5.2.2-1 & 3
Factors for Piles
Method 
Wave Equation only 0.4
FHWA-Modified Gates 0.4
ENR 0.1

Geotechnical Safety
Factors for Piles
Basis for Design and Type Increasing Design/Construction Control
of Construction Control
Subsurface Exploration X X X X X
Static Calculation X X X X X
Dynamic Formula X
Wave Equation X X X X
CAPWAP Analysis X X
Static Load Test X X
Factor of Safety (FS) 3.50 2.75 2.25 2.00 1.90
Computation of Static
RR = Rn
Rn = qpRp + qsRs
RP = AP qP
RS
RS = AS qs
RP
AASHTO 10.7.3.7.5-2
Static Analysis Methods
a method a method
b method b method
l method Side friction in
Nordlund - Rock
Thurman Tip Resistance in
method Rock
SPT-method
CPT-method
Pile Group Resistance
Static Geotechnical Resistance
Take lesser of
Factors Pile Static
Analysis Methods
Method Comp Ten
a - Method 0.35 0.25
b - Method 0.25 0.20
l - Method 0.40 0.30
Nordlund-Thurman 0.45 0.35
SPT 0.30 0.25
CPT 0.50 0.40
Group 0.60 0.50
Driven Pile Time
Dependant Effects
Setup Relaxation
RS RS RS RS
RP RP RP RP
Drilled Shaft Resistance
Total Resistance
A
Side Resistance B
Resistance D
C
Tip Resistance
RS
Displacement
RP
RR = Rn = qpRp + qsRs
Drilled Shaft Group Resistance
For cohesive
soils use
equivalent pier
approach
Rn group = h x Rn single
For cohesionless
where:
soils, use group
h = 0. 65 at c-c spacing
efficiency factor
of 2.5 diameters
approach
h = 1.0 at c-c spacing of
6 diameters
Geotechnical Resistance Factors
Drilled Shafts
Shafts in Clay
a - Method (side) 0.45 0.35
Total stress (tip) 0.40 --
Shafts in Sand
b - Method (side) 0.55 0.45
O’Neill & Reese (tip) 0.50 --
Group (sand or clay) 0.55 0.45

Geotechnical Resistance Factors
Drilled Shafts
Shafts in Interm. Geomat’ls (IGMs)
O’Neill & Reese (side) 0.60
O’Neill & Reese (tip) 0.55 --
Shafts in Rock
Side (H&K, O&R) 0.55 0.40
Side (C&K) 0.50 0.40
Tip (CGS, PMT, O&R) 0.50 --
Load Test (all mat’ls) <=0.7 <=0.7

Axial
Geotechnical
Resistance of a Stiff Clay
Drilled Shaft in Su = 1500 psf
Clay E = 200 ksf
 = 125 pcf 50’
e50 = 0.007
Reference
Drilled Shaft
Manual f’c = 4 ksi
3.3.7.5 Ec = 3600 ksi
Example 9 2.5’
Determine Unit
Side Resistance
Stiff Clay
qs = a Su Su = 1500 psf
E = 200 ksf
To find a, check  = 125 pcf 50’
Su/pa = 1.5 / 2.12 e50 = 0.007
Su/pa = 0.7 < 1.5
So Drilled Shaft
a = 0.55 f’c = 4 ksi
qs = 0.55 x 1500 psf Ec = 3600 ksi
qs = 0.825 ksf 2.5’
Determine Exclusion
Zones 5’
Per AASHTO 10.8.3.5.1b

Top 5' non contributing 42.5’ 50’
Bottom 1 diameter (2.5')
non contributing
Ls = 50’ – 5’ - 2.5’ = 42.5’ 2.5’

2.5’
As =  D Ls
As =  (2.5’)(42.5’)
As = 334 ft2
Rs = 275 kips
Rs = qs As 50’
Rs = (0.825 ksf)(334 ft2)
Rs = 275 kips
2.5’
Point Resistance
qp = Nc Su
Nc = 6(1 + 0.2 (Z/D)) < 9
Rs = 275 kips
Nc = 6(1 + 0.2 (50/2.5))
50’
Nc = 30
not less than 9 thus
Nc = 9
qp = 9 (1.5 ksf)
qp = 13.5 ksf 2.5’
Point Resistance
R p = q p Ap
Rs = 275 kips
Ap =  D2/4
Ap =  (2.5’)2/4
Ap = 4.9 ft2
Rp = 13.5 ksf (4.9 ft2)

Rp = 66 kips
Rp = 66 kips
Combining Side and
Point Resistance
RR = qs Rs + qp Rp
Rs = 275 kips
qs = 0.45
qps = 0.4
RR = 0.45 (275) + 0.4 (66)

RR = 150 kips
Rp = 66 kips
Combining Side and
Point Resistance
1.0
1.0
Rpd / Rp
Rsd / Rs
0 0
0 1.0 2.0 0 5.0 10.0
Dzt / D (%) Dzt / D (%)
Check Relative Stiffness
If
SR = (Z/D) (Esoil/Eshaft) < 0.01
Shaft can be considered rigid
SR = (50’/2.5’) (1.39 ksil/3600 ksi)
SR = 0.008 < 0.01

Shaft can be considered rigid
350
Rs = 256 kips
Developed Resistance
300
250
(kips)
200
150
100
RP = 38 kips
50
0
0 0.3 0.5 1 1.5 2
Displacement (in)
Developed Side Resistance Developed Base Resistance
Developed Nominal Resistance
RR = qs Rs + qp Rp
RR = 0.45 (256) + 0.4 (38)
RR = 131 kips
Driven Resistance vo
Ram
Cushion
Drivehead elastic
elastic
Compressive
c Force Pulse
(Incident)
Ground
Surface
Pile Compressive
Force Pulse
(Attenuated)
Soft Layer Compressive
c Force Pulse
Tensile or
Compressive c
Force Pulse c
(Reflected)
(a) Dense (b) (c)

Permanent Set
Layer (d)
Comp Str Tens Str
ksi ksi
Wave 30
Equation 20
Results 10
Ult Cap Stroke

kips ft
800 16.0
600 12.0
400 8.0
200 4.0
0 160 320 480 Blows/ft

Driven Resistance Factors
Concrete piles,  = 1.00

 AASHTO Article 5.5.4.2.1
Steel piles,  = 1.00
 AASHTO Article 6.5.4.2
Timber piles,  = 1.15
 AASHTO Article 8.5.2.2
Participant Workbook
Page 3.3A.22
Fz = 3594.0 kips
Qn Qr # of
Method 
(kips) (kips) Piles
a-method 0.4 550 220 17
PDA on 5% 0.65 550 358 11
Gates Formula 0.4 550 220 17
Structural Resistance 0.6 775 465 8

Comparison to ASD
Service Load = 2794 kips
Qn Qr # of
Method FS
(kips) (kips) Piles
18
a-method 3.5 550 157
(17)
12
PDA on 5% 2.25 550 244
(11)
18
Gates Formula 3.5 550 157
(17)
3 11
Structural Resistance 775 256
(0.33fy) (8)
Wrap Up

4. Layout foundation group and analyze at
the strength limit state
Page 3.3A.25
Exercise 1: List the three strength limit
state checks for driven piles
1. Geotechnical resistance
2. Structural resistance
3. Driven resistance
Exercise 2: List the three service limit
state checks for drilled shafts
1. Horizontal deflection
2. Vertical deflection (settlement)
3. Global stability
Exercise 3: Match the
deep foundation type to
the condition.
Condition Type
1) Deep granular material B A)Steel H-Pile
2) Loose random fill B) Closed end
overlying rock A pipe
3) Large horizontal loads C C) Large diameter
drilled shaft
Exercise 4: What criteria should be
used to select the geotechnical resistance
factor for a driven pile?
The method used to determine the
ultimate resistance.
Exercise 5: Where would you find the

structural resistance factors for a drilled
shaft?
AASHTO Section 5 – Concrete Design
Learning Outcomes
A. State the performance limits that
should be evaluated when designing
a deep foundation
B. Be able to select a deep foundation
type
C. Be able to select the appropriate
resistance factor for each
performance limit evaluated
Session 3
LRFD Theory for
Geotechnical Design
Topic 3 – Part B
Deep Foundations
Course No. 130082A

Learning Outcome
D. Apply the rigid cap method to

evaluate the strength limit state
checks
Where We Are Going …

Compute load effects in piles using rigid
cap method
Compare load effects to factored
resistances for piles
Rigid Cap Model
Centroid of
Pile group
X
Z
Distribution of Axial Loads
Fz Pi My
Mx X
Y -xi yi
Z
Fz Mx y i My x i
Pi   n 2  n
n  yi  xi
2
i1 i1
Distribution of
Horizontal Loads
X
Fx
Hi
Y
Z
Horizontal Response
Qt
Ht Mt P
y
Properties y
A, E, I y
P-y Curve development
Typical required
soil parameters
Su
f

k
50
k – coefficient of variation of subgrade reaction

50 - strain at 50% of ultimate strength
P-y Results for Single Element
1740 k
8000 in-k Deflection, Moment, Shear,
in. in. -kx102 k
10.1 k -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 20 40 60 80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
0.84 8640
10
Depth, ft
20 65.5
30
40
50
Variation of Stiffness (EI)
1.8E+07
Stiffness EI (kip-in^2)
1.6E+07
1.4E+07
1.2E+07
1.0E+07
8.0E+06
6.0E+06
4.0E+06 Reinforced
2.0E+06 Concrete Shaft
0.0E+00
00
00
50
70
80
.4
7
27
45
58
67
79
13
11
13
13
13
Moment (in-kip)
Pile Head Fixity
Dx Dx
Moment Moment
Strength LimitState
Service Limit State
Group Effects
Fx
H2 H1
P-y Interaction Effects
P P
Pm * P
y
Output for multiple loads
Applied Resulting Maximum
Horizontal Deflection Moment
Load
Horizontal Load 3.00E+01
2.00E+01
(kips)
1.00E+01
0.00E+00
00 0.5 1
Deflection (in)
Moment (in-kips)
0.00E+00
Maximum
-5.00E+02
-1.00E+03
-1.50E+03
-2.00E+03
Computer P-y Modeling
Horizontal Loads,
Pile Moment
Dx Dx
Fx
H2 H1
M2 M1
Guided Walk Through…

cap method
Page 3.3B.7
5’-0” 46’-6”
5’-0”
6’-0”
15’-6”
15’-0” 15’-6”
4’-6”
3’-6”
23’-0”
12’-0”
HP 12x53 Centroid
18”
36”
36”
36”
18”
18” 60” 60” 60” 60” 18”
Applied Loads
Strength V load case
Fz Fx = 38.4 kips
Fy Fy = 109.1 kips
-My Fz = 3594.0 kips
Mx
Mx = 3196.5 k-ft
My = -8331.9 k-ft
Fx
Fz Mx y i My x i
Pi   n 2  n
n  yi  xi
2
i1 i1
Example calculation, pile 9:

Fz = 3594.0 kips Mx = 3196.5 k-ft
n = 20 piles yi = 18 in (1.5 ft)
 xi2 = 1000 ft2 My = -8331.9 k-ft
 yi2 = 225 ft2 xi = 60 in (5 ft)
P9 = 243 kips
Y
32 k 74 k 116 k 157 k 199 k
75 k 117 k 158 k 200 k 242 k
X 118 k 159 k 201 k 243 k 284 k
160 k 202 k 244 k 285 k 327 k

Fy
Dy
Dy assumed to be 0.15”
10
8 7.2 kips
Load (kips)
6 5.9 kips
4.5 kips
4
2
Deflection (in)
0
Max. Moment (k-in)
0.1 0.2
0.15 in
-200
-340 k-in
-390 k-in
-400 -450 k-in
-600
Row Pm Hy Mmax
1 0.35 4.5 kips -340 k-in
2 0.35 4.5 kips -340 k-in
3 0.5 5.9 kips -390 k-in
4 0.7 7.2 kips -450 k-in
Sum of Hy forces times piles per column =

(22.1 kips/column) (5 columns) = 110.5 kips
110.5 kips close to 109.1 kips

Dx
Fx
Dx assumed to be 0.05”
2.5 2.2 kips
2.0 2.0 kips
Load (kips)
1.8 kips
1.5
1.0
0.5
Deflection (in)
0
Max. Moment (k-in)
0.025 0.075
0.05 in
-33
-66 -75 k-in

-80 k-in
-90 k-in
-100
Column Pm Hx Mmax
1 0.7 1.8 kips -75 k-in
2 0.7 1.8 kips -75 k-in
3 0.7 1.8 kips -75 k-in
4 0.85 2.0 kips -80 k-in
5 1.0 2.2 kips -90 k-in
Sum of Hx forces times piles per row =

(9.6 kips/row) (4 rows) = 38.4 kips
38.4 kips = 38.4 kips
Shear (kips)
-2 0 2 4 6 8
100
Depth (in)
200
300
For load case Strength V:
Max. axial load (Pile 5) = 326 kips
Min. axial load (Pile 16) = 32 kips (no uplift)
Maximum combined loading (Pile 5)

Axial load = 326 kips
Moment (x-direction) = -37.5 kip-ft
Moment (y-direction) = -7.5 kip-ft
Max. shear = 7.2 kips in y-direction

(Piles 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 at the top of pile)

Compute load effects in piles using
rigid cap method
Driven
HP 12 x 53
4’
f = 31o Loose
sat = 110 pcf Silty sand
35’
Su = 8000 psf >100’

sat = 125 pcf
Hard Clay
OCR = 10
Structural Resistance –
Axial compression
Pn
As = 15.5 in2
(after corrosion loss)
Fy = 50 ksi
l = 0 in
Pn = 0.66lFyAs = 0.660(50)(15.5)
Pn = 775 kips
AASHTO Articles 6.9.4.1-1, 10.7.3.12.1
y
Structural Resistance –
Mnx Flexure Resistance
x
Mny
zx = 74 in3
zy = 32.2 in3
Fy = 50 ksi
Mnx = (50 ksi)(74 in3) = 3700 k-in

Mny = (50 ksi)(32.2 in3) = 1610 k-in
y Structural Resistance –
Shear Resistance
D = 11.78 in
tw = 0.435 in
x
Fy = 50 ksi
C = 1.0
Vny Vp = (0.58)(50 ksi)(11.78 in)(0.435 in)

VpC = 149(1.0) = 149 kips
AASHTO Articles 6.10.7.2-1,6.10.7.2-2,6.10.7.3.3a

Combined Compression and Flexure
 = 0.7 for Pr, 1.0 for Mr
Shear
 = 1.0 for Vr
Axial Compression
 = 0.6 for Pr
Geotechnical Resistance – Axial compression
Use the beta method fro axial resistance in sand

and clay.
qs = b 'v and qp = Nt 'v

For
Sand
0.28
For
Sand
28
For
Clay
1.5
Tip resistance in clay
qp = 9 Su
Cum.
side Qp = Total
Depth Average friction qp Ap Resistance
(ft) 'v (ksf) (kips) (kips) (kips)
0 0 0 0 0
5 0.12 0.67 6.6 7.3
Axial Resistance (kips)
Geotechnical 0 500 1000 1500 2000
0
Resistance
vs. Depth 20
40
Depth (ft)
60
80
100
Side Friction 120
Point Resistance
Total Resistance 140
Estimate Resistance (kips)
Required Length 0 500 1000 1500 2000
0
Assume
  Q =  Pn 20
 Pn = 0.6 (775 kips) 1860 kips
 Pn = 465 kips 40
Depth (ft)
  Q = stat Rnstat 60
stat = 0.25
Rnstat = 465 kips/0.25 80
Rnstat = 1860 kips
100
Side Friction 120 Dest = 108’
Point Resistance
Steps to perform drivability analysis:
 Estimate total soil resistance and
distribution
 Select hammer
 Model driving system and soil resistance
 Run wave equation analysis
Estimate Resistance Resistance (kips)
Distribution 0 500 1000 1500 2000
0
  Q = dyn Rn 715 kips
stat = 0.65 20
Rn = 465 kips/0.65
Rn = 715 kips 40
Depth (ft)
20% 60
40% Dest = 70’
60% 80
80%
100% 100
Side Friction 120 EB = 10%
Point Resistance
Select dynamic properties of soil
Skin quake = 0.1 default per WEAP
manual
Skin damping = 0.2 From WEAP manual
Toe quake = 0.1 1/120 of pile width
Toe damping = 0.15 per FHWA NHI-05-042
page 17-68
Identify pile properties (HP12x53)
As = 15.5 in2
Es = 300000 ksi
 s= 490 pcf
Identify hammer properties
(Delmag 30-23)
Helmet weight = 2.15 kip
Cushion Area = 283.5 in2
Cushion E = 280 ksi
Cushion Thickness = 2 in
715 kips
Bigger hammer (Delmag 46-13)
58 ksi
715 kips
Evaluate driving stress
dr = 0.9 da fy (permissible driving stress)
da = 1.0
dr = 0.9 (1.0) 50 ksi
dr = 45 ksi
45 ksi < 58 ksi (driving stress exceeded)

What is the maximum resistance that can
be developed without exceeding the
permissible driving stress?
45 ksi
550 kips
17 BPI
Factored resistance limited by driving
stress (driven resistance)
RR = dyn Rn
dyn = 0.65
RR= 0.65 (550 kips)
RR = 358 kips
Axial geotechnical performance ratio =
326/465 = 0.7
Axial structural performance ratio =
326/465 = 0.7
Combined axial and flexural performance
ratio = 0.78*
Driven performance ratio
326 / 358 = 0.91
Shear performance ratio =
7.2 / 256 = 0.03
*AASHTO Eqn. 6.9.2.2-2
Estimate Resistance (kips)
Required Length 0 500 1000 1500 2000
0
for Actual
Factored load 20
1304 kips
  Q = 326 kips 40
Depth (ft)
  Q = stat Rnstat 60
stat = 0.25
Rnstat = 1304 kips
100 Dest = 91’
Side Friction 120
Point Resistance
Wrap Up

cap method
Non-linear
Column and
Cap Beam
Non-linear Soil
Flexible Response
Membrane T-z
Pile Cap -
Non-linear Pile P-y (& P-x)
Material Q-z
Beam seat elevation
Applied Loads Fz
Fy -My
Loose Sand
Mx
Rock
Fx
0.0 ft
0.0
0.0 ft ft
2.0 ft Axial
Moment Results
Shear Results
Results
kips kip-ft
2.0
2.0 ft ft
kips kip-ft
-18.2 kips
4.0 ft
4.0
4.0 ft ft -324 kips
-7.59-30.1
1.87 15.3
6.0 ft
6.0
6.0 ft ft
8.0 ft
8.0
8.0 ft ft Pile 5
10.0 ft
10.0
10.0 ft ft
12.0 ft
12.0
12.0 ft ft
14.0 ft
14.0
14.0 ft ft Pile 16
16.0 ft
16.0
16.0 ft ft
18.0 ft
Rigid Cap Results
18.0
18.0 ft ft
20.0 ft
20.0
20.0 ft ft
22.0 ft
22.0
22.0 ft ft Shear = 7.2 kips
24.0 ft
24.0
24.0 ft ft Max. Axial
Moment = 327
= - 37.5 kips
k-in
Min. Axial = 32 kips
26.0 ft
26.0
26.0 ft ft
28.0 ft
28.0
28.0 ft ft
30.0 ft
30.0
30.0 ft ft
32.0 ft
32.0
32.0 ft ft
Axial geotechnical performance ratio =
327/465 = 0.7 (0.7)
Axial structural performance ratio =
327/465 = 0.7 (0.7)
Combined axial and flexural performance
ratio = 0.73* (0.78)
Driven performance ratio
327 / 358 = 0.91 (0.91)
Shear performance ratio =
7.59 / 256 = 0.03 (0.03)
*AASHTO Eqn. 6.9.2.2-2

Accounting for Resistance (kips)
Scour 0 500 1000 1500 2000
0
  Q = 358 kips Scoured
20
  Q = stat Rnstat 20 kips
stat = 0.25 40
1432 kips
Depth (ft)
Rnstat = 326 kips/0.25
Rnstat = 1432 kips 60
80
RS scour = 20 kips
100
Dest = 96’
Side Friction 120
Point Resistance
Accounting for Scour
Required driven resistance during construction
  Q = 358 kips
  Q = dyn Rndr – RS scour

Rndr =   Q / dyn+ RS scour
dyn = 0.65
Rndr = 326 kips/0.65 + 20 kips
Rndr = 571 kips
Downdrag 0 500 1000 1500 2000
0
  Q = 358 kips + Settling
DD DD 20
20 kips
DD = 1.8 40
RS scour = 20 kips 1576 kips
Depth (ft)
DD = 20 kips 60
  Q = 394 kips 80
Rnstat = 394 kips/0.25
Rnstat = 1576 kips 100
Dest = 100’
Side Friction 120
Point Resistance
Accounting for Downdrag
  Q = 358 kips + DD DD

DD = 1.0
Since resistance in downdrag zone determined by
signal matching
  Q = 358 kips + 1.0 (20 kips) = 378 kips
  Q = dyn Rndr – RS downdrag
Rndr =   Q / dyn+ RS downdrag
dyn = 0.65
Rndr = 378 kips/0.65 + 20 kips
Rndr = 602 kips
Set up 0 500 1000 1500 2000
0
20
  Q = 358 kips
Rnstat = 1432 kips 1432 kips
Depth (ft)
60
Set up
80
100
Dest = 95’
Side Friction 120
Point Resistance
Accounting for Set Up
  Q = 358 kips
Rndr =   Q / ( S2) - R1dr S1 / S2 + R1dr
S1 = 1.0 (no strength change expected in layer 1)
S2 = 1.5 (50% strength gain in layer 2)
 = 0.25 (static analysis only)
R1dr = 25.6 kips (resistance in layer 1)
Rndr = 358 kips/(0.25 x1.5) – 25.6 kips (1.0)/1.5 +

25.6 kips
Rndr = 963 kips
Set up 0 500 1000 1500 2000
0
963 kips
20
25.6 kips
R1dr = 25.6 kips 40
Rndr = 963 kips
Depth (ft)
60
Set up
80
100
Dest = 95’
Side Friction 120
Point Resistance
End Bearing on Hard Rock
Assume structural resistance is much less than
geotechnical resistance.
Assume potential damage to pile
RR =  Pn
Pn = 775 kips
 = 0.5 (due to potential for damage)
RR = 0.5 (775 kips) = 388 kips
• Estimate length based on depth to rock

• Control driving to prevent damage
Page 3.3B.29
Given a load case with loading
directions as depicted in the
adjacent figure: My
Fy
Fz
a. Which pile will have X
the highest axial load? 1 Fx
Mx
b. Which pile will have
the lowest axial load? 4 Y
Z
c. Which pile will be
subject to the highest
horizontal load? 2
d. Which pile will be 3 4
subject to the highest 1 2
bending moments? 2 5D c-c
Learning Outcome
D. Apply the rigid cap method to

evaluate the strength limit state
checks
Session 3
LRFD Theory for
Geotechnical Design
Topic 3 – Part C
Deep Foundations
Course No. 130082A

Learning Outcome
E. Be able to perform a rigid cap

analysis of a driven pile group at
Service Limit State

Axial Response of a Single Element
(Approximate method)
Qtop
Dztop
Point bearing only
Dztop = Dzp + Qtop L/ (A E)
Constant side friction only

Dztop = Dzp + Qtop L/ (2 A E)
L
Linear increasing friction

only
Dztop = Dzp + Qtop L/ (3 A E)
Dzp
Pile Properties A, E
Axial Response of a Group
Perform Rigid Cap
E
Analysis, Driven Pile
HP 12x53 Centroid
18”
36”
36”
36”
18”
18” 60” 60” 60” 60” 18”
Applied Loads
Fz Fx = 31.8 kips
Fy = 86.1 kips
Fy -My Fz = 2794 kips
Mx Mx = 2547.7 k-ft
My = -6306.9 k-ft
Fx
Y
26 k 57 k 89 k 120 k 152 k
60 k 91 k 123 k 154 k 186 k
X 94 k 125 k 157 k 188 k 220 k
128 k 159 k 191 k 222 k 254 k

Mx
Fz
Fy
Average load, Average load,

PB = 88.8 kips PB PC =190.6 kips
PC
Fy = 86.1 kips / 5 rows
Fy = 17.2 kips/row
Assume deflection = 0.11”
1 2 3 4 Fy = H1 + H2 + H3 + H4
Fy = 3.7+3.7+4.6+5.5
Fy = 17.5 kips
Pm 0.35 0.35 0.5 0.7
HP 12x53 in loose sand, fixed x-x axis
10
8
Load (kips)
6 5.5 kips
4.6 kips
4 3.7 kips
0.11 in
2
Deflection (in)
0
0.1 0.2
Qtop
Dztop
Estimate Dzp=0.03 in @ Qp=500 k
Assume point bearing:
QtopL
L = 384 in
Δztop  Δzp 
AE
Δztop  0.03 
500 384 
15.5 29000 
Dztop= 0.46 in
= 0.00092(Qtop)
Dzp
QP
Pile head displacements
 Dztop, Pile B = 0.00092 (88.8 kips)
= 0.082 in.
 Dztop, Pile C = 0.00092 (190.6 kips)
= 0.175 in.
Dy for both piles is 0.11 in.
A
Given coordinates:
A = (72 , -333)
B D B = (18.11 , Dztop, Pile B)
C
C = (126.11 , Dztop, Pile C)
D = (72.11 , zD)
1. Find zD by similar triangles

2. Find a of line BC
3. Use trigonometry to find:
+y
DyA, DzA
+z
A
Initial coordinates, A
(72, -333)
B D
C Final coordinates, A
(72.40, -332.87)
Displacement of A
DyA = 0.40 in
DzA = 0.13 in
+y
+z
0.50 in FB Pier Analysis
DyA = 0.50 in
0.13 in 0.23 in
DzA = 0.13 in
Rigid Cap
DyA = 0.40 in
DzA = 0.13 in
Wrap Up

Page 3.3C.10
1 2 3 4 5
Pm 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.85 1.0

HP 12x53 in loose sand, fixed y-y axis
2.0
1.6
Load (kips)
1.2
1.0
0.85
0.8
0.7
0.4
0.0
0.01 0.03 0.05
Deflection (in.)
Average loads in XZ plane
PB = (26+60+94+128)/4 = 77 kips
PC = (152+186+220+254)/4 = 203 kips
Horizontal Reactions
Displacement assumed to be 0.04 in
Fx = 31.8 kips / 4 rows = 8 kips/row
H1+H2+H3+H4+H5 =
1.5+1.5+1.5+1.7+1.8 = 8 kips, OK
Settlement as a Function of Qtop
Dztop = 0.00092Qtop
Pile Head Displacements
Pile B: Dztop = 0.071 in, Dx = 0.04 in
Pile C: Dztop = 0.187 in, Dx = 0.04 in
Displaced Geometry
zD = 3 (0.129)
a = 0.02769o
Final coordinates, A = (138.20, -332.87)
Displacement
DxA = 0.20 in, DzA = 0.13 in
0.50 in FB Pier Analysis
DxA = 0.23 in
0.13 in 0.23 in
DzA = 0.13 in
Rigid Cap
DxA = 0.20 in
Results DzA = 0.13 in
Learning Outcome
E. Be able to perform a rigid cap

analysis of a driven pile group at
Service Limit State

Bridge-Lrfd Theory-Deep Foundations

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Session 3

LRFD Theory for

Course No. 130082A

Detailed Flow Chart –

D.1 D.2 F.15

End D.4 D.3 F.18

1. Decide deep foundation type

Driven Piles Drilled Shafts

Driven Piles Drilled Shafts

Permanent/ Transient/ Cyclic

Wood is better for transient

Timber pile 75 – 200 20 – 40

Concrete pile 200 – 2,000 20 – 150

Steel H-pile 200 – 1,000 20 – 160

Pipe pile 175 – 2,500 20 – 100

Drilled shaft 750 – 10,000 20 – 160

Use low displacement

Low headroom requires pile splicing

1. Decide deep foundation type

 Driven Resistance (piles only)

Service limit state

Static analysis methods

Pile top settlement

 Site Variability Defined in NCHRP

 Test 1% to 50% of Production

AASHTO Table 10.5.5.2.2-1

Rn = qpRp + qsRs

AASHTO Table 10.5.5.2.3-1

AASHTO Table 10.5.5.2.3-1

Per AASHTO 10.8.3.5.1b

Ls = 50’ – 5’ - 2.5’ = 42.5’ 2.5’

Nc = 6(1 + 0.2 (Z/D)) < 9

Rp = 13.5 ksf (4.9 ft2)

RR = 0.45 (275) + 0.4 (66)

SR = (50’/2.5’) (1.39 ksil/3600 ksi)

SR = 0.008 < 0.01

(a) Dense (b) (c)

Ult Cap Stroke

0 160 320 480 Blows/ft

Concrete piles,  = 1.00

a-method 0.4 550 220 17

PDA on 5% 0.65 550 358 11

Gates Formula 0.4 550 220 17

Structural Resistance 0.6 775 465 8

1. Decide deep foundation type

Exercise 5: Where would you find the

Course No. 130082A

D. Apply the rigid cap method to

1. Decide deep foundation type

k – coefficient of variation of subgrade reaction

1. Decide deep foundation type

Example calculation, pile 9:

75 k 117 k 158 k 200 k 242 k

X 118 k 159 k 201 k 243 k 284 k

160 k 202 k 244 k 285 k 327 k

Sum of Hy forces times piles per column =

110.5 kips close to 109.1 kips

-66 -75 k-in

Sum of Hx forces times piles per row =

Maximum combined loading (Pile 5)

Max. shear = 7.2 kips in y-direction

1. Decide deep foundation type

Su = 8000 psf >100’