Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Objectives:
Q 1C Wire
I 1A -
t 1s
q
I ; q It
t I=6A
q = (6 A)(3 s) = 18 C
Recall that: 1 e- = 1.6 x 10-19 C, then convert:
1e-
18 C 18 C -19
1,125 x 10 20
electrons
1.6 x 10 C
In 3 s: 1.12 x 1020 electrons
Conventional Current
Imagine a charged capacitor with Q = CV that is
allowed to discharge.
+ -
+ -
Electron flow: The direction
+ -
Electron of e- flowing from – to +.
e flow
-
Conventional current:
+
The motion of +q from
Conventional flow
+ to – has same effect.
Flow E
Is Ic Ig
4V 4V 4V
The current in glass is much less than for
steel or iron, suggesting a property of
materials called electrical resistance R.
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law states that the current I through a
given conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference V between its end points.
V V
I ; V IR; R
R I
Example 2. When a 3-V battery is connected to a light, a
current of 6 mA is observed. What is the resistance of the
light filament?
V 3.0 V
R
I 0.006 A
R = 500 W
+ -
R
The SI unit for electrical I 6 mA
resistance is the ohm, W: V=3V
1V
1W Source of
1A EMF
Laboratory Circuit Symbols
A
+
V Emf Rheostat
-
A 2A
2W
1W
Factors Affecting R (Cont.)
3. The temperature T of the material. The
higher temperatures usually result in
higher resistances.
R > Ro
Ro
4. The kind of material. Iron has more
electrical resistance than a geometrically
similar copper conductor.
R i > Rc
Copper Iron
Resistivity of a Material
The resistivity r is a property of a material
that determines its electrical resistance R.
D 2
(0.001 m) 2
A A = 7.85 x 10-7 m2
4 4
L RA (0.004 W)(7.85 x 10-7 m2 )
Rr L
A r 1.72 x 10 W m
-8
DR 1
; Units: 0
R0 Dt C
Example 4. The resistance of a copper wire is 4.00 mW at
200C. What will be its resistance if heated to 800C?
Assume that = 0.004 /Co.
DR = 1.03 mW R = Ro + DR
R = 4.00 mW + 1.03 mW
R = 5.03 mW
Electric Power
Electric power P is the rate at which electric
energy is expended, or work per unit of time.
To charge C: Work = qV
Work qV q V q
P and I
t t t
Substitute q = It , then: I
V
VIt
P P = VI
t
Calculating Power
Ohm’s law: V = IR
2
V
P VI ; P I R; P
2
R
Example 5. A power tool is rated at 9 A when used with a
circuit that provides 120-V. What power is used in operating
this tool?
P 500 W
P I R; R 2
2
R = 5.00 W
I (10 A)2
Electrical Circuit Symbols
Electrical circuits often contain one or more
resistors grouped together and attached to
an energy source, such as a battery.
The following symbols are often used:
Ground Battery Resistor
+ -
+ - + -
- + - + -
Resistances in Series
Resistors are said to be connected in series
when there is a single path for the current.
The current I is the same for
R1 each resistor R1, R2 and R3.
I R2
VT R3 The energy gained through E
is lost through R1, R2 and R3.
Only one current
The same is true for voltages:
For series I = I1 = I2 = I3
connections: VT = V1 + V2 + V3
Equivalent Resistance: Series
The equivalent resistance Re of a number of
resistors connected in series is equal to the
sum of the individual resistances.
VT = V1 + V2 + V3 ; (V = IR)
R1 ITRe = I1R1+ I2R2 + I3R3
I R2
VT R3 But . . . IT = I1 = I2 = I3
Equivalent Resistance Re = R1 + R2 + R3
Example 6: Find the equivalent resistance Re. What is the
current I in the circuit?
Re = R1 + R2 + R3
2W
3W 1W Re = 3 W + 2 W + 1 W = 6 W
12 V
Equivalent Re = 6 W
V1 = (2 A)(1 W = 2 V V1 + V2 + V3 = VT
V1 = (2 A)(2 W = 4 V 2 V + 4 V + 6 V = 12 V
V1 = (2 A)(3 W = 6 V Check !
Sources of EMF in Series
The output direction from a - + b
a
source of emf is from + side: E
Thus, from a to b the potential increases by E;
From b to a, the potential decreases by E.
A
Example: Find DV for path AB -
and then for path BA. R
9V
AB: DV = +9 V – 3 V = +6 V 3V
+
- +
BA: DV = +3 V - 9 V = -6 V B
A Single Complete Circuit
Consider the simple series circuit drawn below:
D A Path ABCD: Energy and V
2W -
increase through the 15-V
4W 15 V source and decrease
3V through the 3-V source.
+
- +
C B E =15 V - 3 V = 12 V
D A E = 18 V 3 V 15 V
2W -
R =3 W + 2 W 5 W
3W 18 V
3V Applying Ohm’s law:
+
- +
C B E 15 V
I I=3A
R 5 W
In general for a E
I
single loop circuit: R
Summary: Single Loop Circuits:
R2
Resistance Rule: Re = R
E E2
Current : I R1
R E1
VT R1 R2 R3 VT = 12 V; Re = 1.09 W
2W 4W 6W V1 = V2 = V3 = 12 V
12 V IT = I1 + I2 + I3
V VT 12 V
Ohm’s Law: I Ie
R Re 1.09 W
VT R1 R2 R3 IT = 11 A; Re = 1.09 W
2W 4W 6W V1 = V2 = V3 = 12 V
12 V IT = I1 + I2 + I3
12 V 12 V 12 V
I1 6A I2 3A I3 2A
2W 4W 6W
6 A + 3 A + 2 A = 11 A Check !
Short Cut: Two Parallel Resistors
The equivalent resistance Re for two parallel
resistors is the product divided by the sum.
1 1 1 R1 R2
; Re
Re R1 R2 R1 R2
Example: (3 W)(6 W)
VT R1 R2 Re
3W 6 W
6W 3W
Re = 2 W
Series and Parallel Combinations
In complex circuits resistors are often connected
in both series and parallel. R
1
4W
12 V 2W 12 V 6W
Example 9 (Cont.) Find the total current IT.
Re = 6 W
4W
VT 12 V
VT 3W 6W I
Re 6 W
IT = 2.00 A
4W
IT
12 V 2W 12 V 6W
Example 9 (Cont.) Find the currents and the
voltages across each resistor.
4W I4 = I T = 2 A
VT 3W 6W V4 = (2 A)(4 W) = 8 V
(Continued . . .)
Example 9 (Cont.) Find the currents and voltages
across each resistor.
V4 = 8 V V6 = V3 = 4 V 4W
V3 4 V VT 3W 6W
I3 I3 = 1.33 A
R3 3 W
V6 4 V
I6 I6 = 0.667 A I4 = 2 A
R6 6 W
I (enter) = I (leaving) IT = I4 = I3 + I6
Kirchoff’s Laws for DC Circuits
Kirchoff’s first law: The sum of the currents
entering a junction is equal to the sum of the
currents leaving that junction.
I1
R1 Loop I E1
E2 R2
I2
R3 Loop II E3
I3
- E2 - E3 = -I2R2 - I3R3
+
Kirchoff’s laws: Loop III
Outer Loop (III)
+
I1
R1 Loop I E1
E2 R2
I2
R3 Loop II E3
I3
-E3 + E1 = I1R1 - I3R3
+
Four Independent Equations
6. Thus, we now have four Outer Loop (III)
+
independent equations
from Kirchoff’s laws: I1
R1 Loop I E1
I2 = I 1 + I 3 E2 R2
E1 + E2 = I1R1 + I2R2
I2
E2 + E3 = I2R2 + I3R3 R3 Loop II E3
I3
E3 - E1 = -I1R1 + I3R3
+
Example 10. Use Kirchoff’s laws to find the currents in
the circuit drawn to the right.
Junction Rule: I2 + I3 = I1 +
Simplifying: Divide by 2 I2
and V/W = A, gives Loop II 20 W
I3
10I3 - 5I2 = 3 A +
6V
Example 10 (Cont.) Three independent equations
can be solved for I1, I2, and I3.
(1) I2 + I3 = I1
Ohm’s Law
V V
I ; V IR; R
R I
1 volt
Resistance: 1 ohm
1 ampere
Summary (Cont.)
Resistivity of Rr
L
or r
RA
materials: A L
DR 1
DR R0 Dt ; Units: 0
R0 Dt C
2
Electric V
Power P:
P VI ; P I R; P
2
R
Summary (Cont.)
Rules for a simple, single loop circuit
containing a source of emf and resistors.
Single Loop
Resistance Rule: Re = R D A
-
E 2W
Current : I 3W
18 V
R
3V
+
- +
Voltage Rule: E = IR C B
Summary (Cont.)
For resistors connected in series:
For series I = I1 = I2 = I3
connections: VT = V1 + V2 + V3
Re = R1 + R2 + R3 2W
3W 1W
12 V
Re = R
Summary (Cont.)
Resistors connected in parallel:
For parallel V = V1 = V2 = V3
connections: IT = I1 + I2 + I3
N
1 1
Parallel Connection
Re i 1 Ri VT R1 R2 R3
2W 4W 6W
R1 R2
Re 12 V
R1 R2
Summary Kirchoff’s Laws
Kirchoff’s first law: The sum of the currents
entering a junction is equal to the sum of the
currents leaving that junction.