MMPI-2 Personality Test Analysis

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
Presentation
By
M I Khaleel PK
1st Year M.Phil clinical psychology
pkmikhaleel@gmail.com
LGBRIMH, TEZPUR
Date: 25-07-2014
PERSONALITY TESTS
• Observe and describe the structure and
content of personality – the characteristic
ways an individual thinks, feels, behaves,
and interacts
• Clarifies
– Diagnoses
– Problematic patterns of behavior
– Intra and interpersonal dynamics
– Treatment implications
• Can be objective or projective
Measuring Personality & Personality
tests
• Objective testing
– Specific questions or statements to which the person
responds by using specific, fixed answers or a rating scale
– Scores tabulated and compared to reference groups
Examples
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI; MMPI-2)
Millon Multi-Axial Inventory III (MCMI-III)
16 Personality Factors (16PF)
NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI)
• Projective testing
– Ambiguous or unstructured stimuli to which client is
asked to respond freely.
– Unconscious or conscious needs, motives, interests,
dynamics are projected onto ambiguous stimuli
revealing internal dynamics or personality
– More challenging to score and interpret than objective
• Example
Rorschach Inkblot, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Projective Drawing Tests
– Draw-A-Person, Draw-A-House, Draw-A-Tree,Draw-
A-Family
Sentence completion tests
MMPI-2
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality

Inventory-2
INTODUCTION
• The MMPI was developed in the late 1930’s and
first published in 1942 by Starke Hathaway and J.
C. McKinley
• 1100 original items and was cut down to 566 by
the time it was first published
• Designed for routine diagnostic assessments
• Empirical keying approach
• 724 Minnesota”normals”
• Originally 8 clinical scales plus validity scales
• MF and Si added later
Cont..
• Revised version is the MMPI-2 (1989)
• Authors and consultants of MMPI-2 are James N Butcher ,
John R Graham Yossef S Ben-Porath, Auke Tellegen and
W. Grant Dahlstrom.
• Revised in 2001-Version being reviewed
– 84% of the original items are in new version in original
or revised form
– Some test elements revised
– Added new clinical and validity scales
Cont..
• Separate forms for adolescents and adults
• 567 true/false items
• Normative sample (MMPI-2)
2600 U.S. residents(1138 male and 1462 female) aged 18-90 (census
derived)
• Yields individual’s clinical profile compared with the normative
sample
• Much of research on interpretation from MMPI applies to MMPI-2
• It is the most widely used psychometric test for measuring adult
psychopathology in the world. The MMPI-2 is used in mental health,
medical and employment settings. ( Drayton, M. 2013)
• There are more than10000 published papers using the MMPI-2 and
this pool is added to by hundreds of papers every year ( Drayton, M.
2013).
Cont..
• Publishing by University of Minnesota Press
• Distributed by Pearson
• Available in English, Spanish, and Canadian
French
• Paper-and-pencil, audiocassette recording,
compact disc recording, box form (with each item
on a separate card & client separates cards into
true & false categories), and computer
Administrator Qualifications
• Must be licensed to practice psychology independently

OR
• Have a graduate degree in psychology or a closely-
related field and either graduate courses in tests and
measurement or completion of a Pearson Assessments-
approved workshop or other approved course
Administration procedures
• Quiet room
• Good lighting
• Comfortable chair and table
• Establish rapport before administration
• Before administration begins, provide
information regarding nature of the test and
give complete, clear instructions
• Completion time = 60 to 90 minutes
Respondent Characteristics
• 18 years or older
• At least 6th grade reading level
• Should be able to read and comprehend test
questions for the paper/pencil and computer
tests
• Recommended IQ of 80 or higher(?)
Factors Influencing Performance
• Faking
• Social Desirability
• Item Omission
• Problems of Interpretation
• Self Deception
• Lack of Insight
Content of the MMPI-2
• Original 10 clinical/personality scales and
original 3 validity scales and added 4 validity
measures
• Additional options:
– Content scales
– Content component scales
– Harris-Lingoes subscales
– Supplementary scales
– Critical items
MMPI-II: Validity Scales
• ?: Cannot Say
• L: Lie
• F: Infrequency
• K: Correction
• Fb: Back Side Infrequency
• Fp: Infrequency -Psychopathology
• S: Superlative Self-Presentation
• VRIN: Variable Response Inconsistency
• TRIN: True Response Inconsistency
? (?) Cannot Say
L • Not an actual scale
F • Unanswered questions (or both T&F)
• High Scores Reflect:
K – Carelessness / Psychomotor retardation
Fb – Avoiding / Not wanting to admit
– Indecision
Fp – Lack of information for meaningful
response / Difficulty reading
S – Extreme defensiveness
VRIN – Consistent with:
• Severe depression, obsessional states, extreme
TRIN intellectualization, paranoia
? Cannot Say (?)
L • > 30 Items
– May be Invalid
F
– Determine location of omissions. If most occur
K after item 370, L,F,K and clinical scales may
be interpretable
Fb • 11 – 29 Items
– Interpret carefully
Fp – Some scales may be invalid
S – Determine Omitted Items. Do not interpret a
scale with more than 10% of its items omitted
VRIN • 0-10 Items
– ProbablyValid
TRIN
(L) Lie Scale
• Hathaway and McKinley developed
• To assess that the test taker approached the instrument with
a defensive mind set.
• TRIN scale be examined for possible acquiescent or non
acquiescent response styles of prior to interpreting scores
on lie scale
? (L) Lie
L • Client describing self in an unrealistic positive manner
F – Trying to create favorable impression
– Defensive, denying, repressing
K – Confused / rigid / moralistic
– Little insight into their motivations
Fb – Little awareness of consequences
– Inflated perception of self-worth
Fp – Socially conforming / Not original
– Poor tolerance for stress
S • Low Scores Reflect:
– Responding frankly to items
– Able to admit minor faults
VRIN – May be exaggerating negative things
– Strong, natural, relaxed, independent
TRIN – Communicate ideas well – leadership !!!
? (L) Lie
• T > 80
L – If TRIN >79F then profile is invalid and un
interpretable
F
– Consider “Faking Good” & likely invalid
K – Conventional / Conforming
– Unoriginal / Inflexible
Fb – Moralistic
Fp – Repressed / In denial
• T = 65-79
S – Faking good or traditional background
– May be invalid
VRIN
• T < 64
TRIN – Average – responding frankly
? (L) Lie (Demographic Variables)
L • Lower scores on L:
F – Better educated & Brighter
– More sophisticated
K
Fb
Fp
S
VRIN
TRIN
? (F) Infrequency
L • Designed to indicate or detect deviant / atypical
responses
F • High Scores Reflect:
K – Random responses
– All true or All false responses
Fb – Faking bad
• Low Scores Reflect:
Fp – Free of psychopathology
S – Faking good?
– Normal responses
VRIN
TRIN
? (F) Infrequency
• T > =100
L – If TRIN or VRIN >79F then profile is invalid and un
interpretable ,if both in normal limit Fp should be examined.
F – if Fp also within normal profile reflecting severe
psychopathology
– Disoriented / Confused / Clear Psychotic Behaviors
K • T = 80 – 99
– Consider Profile Invalid (All False, lazy, Exaggerating)
Fb – If valid – consider exaggeration of symptoms
• T = 55 – 79
Fp – Psychotic / Severe Neurotic
– Highly Deviant Social / Political Beliefs
S – Moody, Restless, Dissatisfied, Unpredictable
VRIN
TRIN
? (K) Correction
L • Developed for assess an individual level of
defensiveness in responding
F
K – Serious psychological disturbances but are not
aware of this
Fb – Faking good?
• Low Scores Reflect:
Fp
– Respond to most items “true”
S – Faking bad?
– Suspicious of others
VRIN
TRIN
? (K) Correction
• T >= 65
L – Consider profile may be invalid
• “Faking good” / All False
F
If TRIN is within normal limit then shows Clinically
K defensive / denying /Intolerant / Uninsightful
• T = 40 – 64
– Valid profile, Balanced Self-evaluation / well adjusted
Fb
– Independent / intelligent / Enthusiastic / wide interests
Fp • T = < 40
– Consider profile may be invalid
S – If TRIN within limit a low K score may be the result of
faking bad
VRIN • All true / “Faking bad” / Exaggeration
TRIN
? (Fb) Back Side Infrequency
L • Designed to Identify a “fake bad” mode of
responding for the last 197 items.
F • T >= 110
– Consider profile invalid
K – T score of Fb should be compared with T score of F, if
difference at lest 30 then it reflects a significant
Fb changes in responding in later part and later part can
be interpreted.
– All true, faking bad
Fp
– Psychiatric in patient may be: disoriented, confused,
clear psychotic behavior
S
VRIN
TRIN
? (Fp) Infrequency - Psychopathology
L • Fp can assist in differentiating elevation on F that are
product of genuine psychopathology.
F • T > =100
– If TRIN or VRIN above 79 t then Consider profile
K is invalid. If normal then test taker over reporting
psychopathology
Fb • Random, All true, faking bad
Fp • T = 70-99
– Likely exaggerated, but may be valid
S – If valid, consider it is a cry for help
• T < 69: Consider profile valid
VRIN
TRIN
? (S) Superlative Self-Presenting
L • A measure of defensiveness
• highly correlated with “K”.
F • Developed by Butcher and Han in 1995
K
• In Clinical Settings:
Fb – T > 70
If TRIN or VRIN above 79 t then Consider
Fp profile is invalid Consider profile invalid
Faking good – very defensive
S
T < 69: Consider profile being valid
VRIN
TRIN
? (VRIN) Variable Response Inconsistency
L • Designed to detect inconsistent responding
F • T Score >= 80: profile is invalid and
uninterpretive
K
– Suggests Random Responding
Fb • T score 40-64 profile is valid
Fp • T score 65-79; profile valid however some
inconsistent responding, may be occasional
S
loss of concentration
VRIN
TRIN
? (TRIN) True Response Infrequency
L
• Designed to detect indiscriminant responses
F • It made up opposite content pairs
K • T score 80=> profile is invalid
65- 79 T ; profile is valid however
Fb
some acquiescence
Fp
S
VRIN
TRIN
Validity Scales
Faking BAD
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
L (Lie) F (Infrequency) K (Correction)
Validity Scales
Faking GOOD
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
L (Lie) F (Infrequency) K (Correction)
Clinical Scales
• The MMPI-2 clinical scales are essentially the same as for
the original MMPI, but few items were deleted because of
objectionable content
• Harris and Lingoes (1955, 1968) grouped items in some of
clinical scales into content homogeneous subscales. The
subscales should be interpreted only when the T scores are
>64 ( will be discussed later)
• T score >_75 indicates very high level, T score 55-64
indicates high level, T score 55- 64 indicates moderate level,
45-54 T score indicates average and no interpretation and T
score <45 indicates low level and no interpretation
• Total number of clinical scales are 10.
MMPI-II: Clinical Scales
• Hs (1): • Pa (6):
– Hypochondriasis – Paranoia
• D (2): • Pt (7):
– Depression – Psychasthenia
• Hy (3): • Sc (8):
– Hysteria – Schizophrenia
• Pd (4): • Ma (9):
– Psychopathic Deviate – Hypomania
• Mf (5): • Si (0):
– Masculinity / – Social Introversion
Femininity
Hs (1) Hs (1) Hypochondrisis
D (2)
Hy (3) • Designed to indicate a variety of
Pd (4) personality characteristics
Mf (5) consistent with hypochondriasis.
Pa (6) • Overuse of medical system
Pt (7)
• Elderly individuals tend to score
Sc (8)
higher on scale 1 with declining
Ma (9)
health issues.
Si (0)
Hs (1) Hs (1) Hypochondrisis
D (2) • T > 75
Hy (3) – Extreme somatic concerns
Pd (4) – Consider somatic delusions
Mf (5) • T = 65 – 74
Pa (6) – Somatic concerns
Pt (7) – Sleep disturbances / Lack of energy
Sc (8) – Demanding / Dissatisfied / Complaining
Ma (9) • T = 45 – 54: Average
Si (0)
Hs (1) D (2) Depression
D (2)
• An index of discomfort
Hy (3)
Pd (4)
• Dissatisfaction with life
Mf (5) • Scores associated with age:
Pa (6) – Elderly Individuals score 5-10
Pt (7) points higher
Sc (8) – Adolescents score 5-10 points
Ma (9) lower
Si (0)
Hs (1) D (2) Depression
D (2) • T >75
Hy (3) – Serious Clinical Depression
Pd (4)
• T = 65 – 74
Mf (5)
– Moderate depression / worried
Pa (6)
– Dissatisfaction with life /
Pt (7) withdrawn
Sc (8) – Somatic complaints / low self-
Ma (9) confidence
Si (0)
Hs (1) Hy (3) Hysteria
D (2)  Identify individuals who have
Hy (3) developed a psychogenic based
Pd (4) sensory or motor disorder:
Mf (5)  Total number of items 60
Pa (6)  Some items reflects physical
complaints. Many items
Pt (7)
involve a denial of problems of
Sc (8) life and denail of social
Ma (9) anxiety
Si (0)
Hs (1) Hy (3) Hysteria
D (2)  Very high T >=75
Hy (3)  Consider Conversion disorder
 Extreme somatic complaints
Pd (4)  Reaction to stress by developing
Mf (5) somatic symptoms
 High T 65  74
Pa (6)
 Somatic Symptoms / denial
Pt (7)  Sleep disturbances / Lack of energy
Sc (8)  Lacks insight on causes of symptoms
Moderate T 55-64
Ma (9) Immature / self-centered / demanding
Si (0)
Hs (1) Pd (4) Psychopathic Deviate
D (2)
 50 items
Hy (3)
 Some items concern difficulties
Pd (4) in school or law. other items
Mf (5) reflect a lack of concern about
Pa (6) most social and moral
Pt (7) standards of conduct, the
Sc (8) presence of family problems,
Ma (9)
absence of life satisfaction
Si (0)  A fraction of raw score(.4) of
K scale is added to the raw
Hs (1) Pd (4) Psychopathic Deviate
D (2)  T >=75: Asocial / antisocial
Hy (3) behavior
Pd (4)  T = 65  74
Mf (5)  trouble with law, problem with
family , poor work history
Pa (6)
 Family problems, Impulsive ,
Pt (7) poor judgment, impatient ,
Sc (8)  55-64
Ma (9) superficial relationships,
energetic ,extroverted, Immature,
Si (0) self centered
Hs (1) Mf (5) Masculinity / Femininity

D (2)  Relates to the degree of traditional
Hy (3) gender roles
Pd (4)  Developed for using men who were
upset about their homoerotic feeling
Mf (5)
and confused about their gender role
Pa (6)  And measure of gender role
Pt (7) divergence in women
Sc (8)  Scale 5 subsequently was used both
Ma (9) male and female
Si (0)

D (2) (MALES)
Hy (3) • T >=65 high
Pd (4) – Consider serious sexual problems
Mf (5) – Lacks traditional masculine interests
Pa (6) • T = 45 – 64: Average
Pt (7) • No interpretation
Sc (8) • T < 45:
Ma (9) – traditional masculine interests
Si (0) – Macho

D (2) (FEMALES)
Hy (3)  T >=65
 Consider serious sexual problems
Pd (4)
 Rejects traditional feminine role
Mf (5)  T = 60  74
Pa (6)  Lacks traditional feminine interests
Pt (7)  T = 40  59: Average
 No itrepetation
Sc (8)
 T < 40
Ma (9)  Very traditional feminine interests
Si (0)  But not so much in modern times
Hs (1) Pa (6) Paranoia
D (2) • Designed to detect paranoid
Hy (3) symptoms
Pd (4) • Some items measures frankly
Mf (5) psychotic behavior other items cover
Pa (6) diverse topics as sensitivity cynicism,
Pt (7) asocial behavior, etc..
Sc (8) • total items 40
Ma (9)
Si (0)
Hs (1) Pa (6) Paranoia
D (2)
 T >=75
Hy (3)  Consider Paranoid Psychosis,
Pd (4) idea of reference, delusions
Mf (5) persecution
Pa (6)  T = 65  74
Pt (7)  Extremely sensitive / Suspicious,
responsive to opinions of others
Sc (8)
 Emotional labile, argumentative
Ma (9)
manner
Si (0)
 T = 45  54:
 Overly sensitive, distrustful.
Hs (1) Pt (7) Psychasthenia
D (2) • Scale was constructed primarily
Hy (3) using patients showing obsessive
Pd (4) worries, compulsive rituals, or
exaggerated fear
Mf (5)
• Total number of items 48
Pa (6)
• The full value of the K raw score is
Pt (7)
added to the raw score of scale 7.
Sc (8)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
Hs (1) Pt (7) Psychasthenia
D (2) • T >=75 very high
Hy (3) – Extreme fear, anxiety, tension
Pd (4) – Disturbing thoughts, fear of losing ones mind
obsessive compulsive symptoms
Mf (5) – Unable to concentrate
Pa (6) • T = 65 – 74 high
Pt (7) – Moderate anxiety, depression, insomnia, guilt
Sc (8) T = 40 – 59: moderate
Lacks self-confidence, anxious, tense,
Ma (9) uncomfortable
Si (0)
Hs (1)
D (2)
Sc (8) Schizophrenia
• Designed to find out
Hy (3)
Schizophrenia
Pd (4)
• Identifies individuals with
Mf (5) disturbances of thinking, mood,
Pa (6) behavior
Pt (7) • The full value of the raw score on
Sc (8) K scale is added to the raw score
Ma (9) on scale 8
Si (0)
Hs (1) Sc (8) Schizophrenia
D (2) • T >75 very high
Hy (3) – Consider schizophrenia diagnosis(confused ,
disorganized thinking, hallucinations,
Pd (4) delusions poor judgment, etc..)
Mf (5) • T = 65 – 74 high
Pa (6) unusual beliefs, social withdrawal, excessive
fantasy, generalized fear and anxiety
Pt (7)
• T = 45 – 64: moderate
Sc (8) limited interest in other people, insecurity, etc..
Ma (9)
Si (0)
Hs (1) Ma (9) Hypomania
D (2) • Designed to identify individuals
Hy (3) experiencing hypomanic symptoms (manic
Pd (4) episodes)
• Total items 46
Mf (5)
• Some items deals the features of
Pa (6)
hypomanic disturbance some deals family
Pt (7) relations, moral values and attitude, and
Sc (8) physical or body concern
Ma (9) • A fraction of raw score (.2) of K scale is
added to the raw score of scale 9.
Si (0)
Hs (1) Ma (9) Hypomania
D (2) • T >=75
Hy (3) – Consider bipolar disorder / manic type
Pd (4)
• T = 65 – 74
– Excessive energy / lacks direction / bossy
Mf (5) – Conceptual disorganization / talks too much
Pa (6) – Unrealistic self-appraisal / impulsive / low
tolerance
Pt (7)
• T = 55 – 64
Sc (8) – Active / energetic / extroverted
Ma (9) – Creative / rebellious
• T = 45 – 54: Average
Si (0)
Hs (1) Si (0) Social Introversion
D (2) • This scale was developed by L.E.Drake in 1946
Hy (3) • Not typically included in a clinical assessment
• The items are of two general types. One group
Pd (4)
deals with social participation, the other deals
Mf (5) with general neurotic maladjustment and self
depression
Pa (6)
• Hostetler, Ben-porah, Butcher and Graham
Pt (7) developed a set of sub scale for scale 0
Sc (8) (si1,si2,si3) in 1989. (will be discussed later)
Ma (9)
Si (0)
Hs (1) Si (0) Social Introversion
D (2) • T >=75: Extreme withdrawal
Hy (3) • T = 65 – 74
Pd (4) – Introverted, Emotionally over
Mf (5) controlled, passive
T =55-64
Pa (6)
– shy, timid, depressed, guilty
Pt (7)
– dependable, low self-confidence
Sc (8) Below 45
Ma (9) Extroverted, sociable
Si (0) • T = 45 – 54: Average
MMPI-II Scales
• Scale Name No of Items
• ?: Cannot Say --
• L: Lie 15
• F: Infrequency 60
• K: Correction 30
• Hs (1): Hypochondriasis 32
• D (2): Depression 57
• Hy (3): Hysteria 60
• Pd (4): Psychopathic Deviate 50
• Mf (5): Masculinity / Femininity 56
• Pa (6): Paranoia 40
• Pt (7): Psychasthenia 48
• Sc (8): Schizophrenia 78
• Ma (9): Hypomania 46
• Si (0): Social Introversion 69
CODE TYPES
• importance in mmpi-2
• Coding is based on the code of scale
• Most elevated scales code will be considered for coding of
patient
• Scale 5 and 0 traditionally have not been considered in
determining code type.
• there are two types of codes , 2 point codes and three point
codes
• The 2 or 3 highest points
i.e., a 1-2 code = scale 1 is the highest & scale 2 is the second
highest
• Combinations of scale elevations are of even more
MMPI-II: 2 & 3 Point Codes
• 12/21 • 34/43 • 123/213/231
• 13/31 • 36/63 • 132/312
• 14/41 • 38/83 • 138
• 18/81 • 46/64 • 139
• 19/91 • 47/74 • 247/274/472
• 23/32 • 48/84 • 278/728
• 24/42 • 49/94
• 468/486/648/684/846/864
• 26/62 • 68/86
• 478/487/748/784/847/874
• 27/72 • 69/96
• 28/82 • 78/87 • 687/867
• 29/92 • 89/98
MMPI-II: 2 & 3 Point Codes
• There are 90 possible 2 Point Code
combinations
• There are 720 possible 3 Point Code
combinations
• Your book does not list all possible
combinations for 3 Point Codes
• For class purposes – if your book does not list
a 2 or 3 point code use individual scales
– For 3 point codes not listed – use a 2 point & an
individual scale
•12/21
•13/31 MMPI-II: Two-Point Code Types
•14/41
•18/81 • 12/21 (Hypochondriasis & Depression):
•19/91
– Somatic discomfort / Depression
•23/32
•24/42 • 13/31 (Hypochondriasis & Hysteria):
•26/62
– Somatic complaints without major psychiatric
•27/72
•28/82
complaints interfering with functioning
•29/92 – More prevalent in women & elderly
•34/43
•36/63
• 14/41 (Hypochondriasis & Psychopathic Deviate):
•38/83 – Severe somatic symptoms / extroverted
•46/64 – Pessimistic & grouchy & Alcohol use
•47/74
•48/84 – More prevalent in men
•49/94 • 18/81 (Hypochondriasis & Schizophrenia):
•68/86
•69/96 – Hostility / Aggression but unable to express it
•78/87 – Socially inadequate & lack trust
•89/98
•12/21
•14/41
•18/81 • 19/91 (Hypochondriasis & Hypomania):
•19/91 – Great deal of distress / anxious, somatic complaints
•23/32
– Aggressive / belligerent / great ambition
•24/42
•26/62 – Frustrated by low achievements
•27/72 • 23/32 (Depression & Hysteria):
•28/82
– Passive & Dependent
•29/92
•34/43 – Depressed but without severe anxiety
•36/63 – Difficulty expressing emotions
•38/83
• 24/42 (Depression & Psychopathic Deviate):
•46/64
•47/74 – Trouble with family or law
•48/84 – Angry, resentful, critical, impulsive
•49/94 – Drug & alcohol use & Suicide !!!!
•68/86
•69/96 • 26/62 (Depression & Paranoia):
•78/87 – Paranoia & hostility & resentfulness
•89/98 – Lack energy, hopeless & some suicide!
•12/21
•14/41
•18/81 • 27/72 (Depression & Psychasthena):
•19/91 – Worry / high strung / anticipate problems
•23/32
– Clinical depression with high expectations
•24/42
•26/62 • 28/82 (Depression & Schizophrenia):
•27/72 – Anxious & Agitated & Dissociated
•28/82
– Poor concentration, sleep, memory
•29/92
•34/43 – Basically dependent & ineffective
•36/63 – If both are highly elevated = serious psychopathology
•38/83
• 29/92 (Depression & Hypomania):
•46/64
•47/74 – Self centered / narcissistic
•48/84 – Tense & anxious w/ somatic complaints
•49/94 – Bi-polar & periods of fatigue
•68/86
•69/96 • 34/43 (Hysteria & Psychopathic Deviate):
•78/87 – ANGER & HOSTILITY!!!
•89/98 – Suicide & Acting Out!
•12/21
•14/41
•18/81 • 36/63 (Hysteria & Paranoia):
•19/91
– Deep hostility with family
•23/32
•24/42 – Minor anxiety / somatic problems
•26/62 – Defiant / uncooperative / narcissistic
•27/72
•28/82 • 38/83 (Hysteria & Schizophrenia):
•29/92 – Great psychological turmoil & anxiety & fear
•34/43
– Depression / hopelessness are common
•36/63
•38/83 – Problems decision making / Apathetic & pessimistic
•46/64 – Obsessive ruminations & delusions / hallucinations
•47/74
•48/84 • 46/64 (Psychopathic Deviate & Paranoia):
•49/94 – Immature / Narcissistic / Self-indulgent
•68/86
•69/96
– Rationalize & blame others / no responsibility
•78/87 – Passive – aggressive personality / schizophrenia
•89/98
•12/21
•14/41 • 47/74 (Psychopathic Deviate & Psychasthena):
•18/81
•19/91
– Swing from serious insensitivity to others – how they
•23/32 effect others
•24/42 – Acting out (drinking / sexual promiscuity) followed by
•26/62 guilt
•27/72 – Need constant reassurance & support
•28/82
•29/92
• 48/84 (Psychopathic Deviate & Schizophrenia):
•34/43 – Do not fit in their environment
•36/63 – Resent authority / deep feelings of insecurity
•38/83
– Erratic & unpredictable / impulse problems
•46/64
•47/74 – Possible bizarre symptomatology
•48/84 • 49/94 (Psychopathic Deviate & Hypomania):
•49/94
– Disregard for social standards / values
•68/86
•69/96 – Narcissistic / selfish / self-indulgent
•78/87 – Irritable / low tolerance
•89/98 – Energetic / restless / ambitious / superficial
•12/21
•13/31
MMPI-II: Two-Point Code Types
•14/41 • 68/86 (Paranoia & Schizophrenia):
•18/81 – Intense inferiority / insecurity
•19/91 – Distrust others / avoid deep relationships
•23/32
•24/42
– Blunted affect / rapid speech / incoherent
•26/62 • 69/96 (Paranoia & Hypomania):
•27/72 – Dependent / need for affection
•28/82
•29/92
– Appear tearful / trembling
•34/43 • 78/87 (Psychasthenia & Schizophrenia):
•36/63 – Great deal of turmoil / easily discuss their pain
•38/83
•46/64
– Depressed & pessimistic / confused / panic
•47/74 – Schizophrenia / Depression / OCD / personality
•48/84 disorders
•49/94 • 89/98 (Schizophrenia & Hypomania):
•68/86
•69/96
– Self-centered / infantile / demanding
•78/87 – Labile!!! / Fear emotional involvement
•89/98 – Bizarre speech & thinking
123/213/231
132/312
138
139
247/274/472 MMPI-II:
278/728
468/486/648/684/846/864
478/487/748/784/847/874
Three-Point Code Types
687/867
• 123/213/231 (Hypochondriasis & Depression & Hysteria):

– Somatoform disorder / anxiety disorder / depressive disorder
– Life is a strain / keep people at a distance
– Fatigued / low energy & sex drive
• 132/312 (Hypochondriasis & Depression & Hysteria):
– 1 & 3 are significantly higher than 2 the “conversion valley”
– Conversion symptoms – somatoform pain disorder
– Denial & repression / Approval is important / seek med. TX often
• 138 (Hypochondriasis & Hysteria & Schizophrenia):
– Schizophrenia (paranoid type) or paranoid personality disorder
– Bizarre somatic symptoms – delusional in nature
– Depression / suicide / thought disorder / alcohol / agitated
123/213/231
132/312
138
139
247/274/472 MMPI-II:
278/728
468/486/648/684/846/864
478/487/748/784/847/874
687/867
• 139 (Hypochondriasis & Hysteria & Hypomania):

– Somatoform disorder / organic brain syndrome
– Frequent outbursts of temper / irritation
• 247/274/472 (Depression & Psychopathic Deviate & Psychasthenia):
– Passive-aggressive personality disorder / alcohol & drugs
– Family problems / depressed & pessimistic / OCD
– Overreact to stress / hostile / fear of failing
• 278/728 (Depression & Psychopathic Deviate & Schizophrenia):
– Schizoid life styles / great life turmoil
– Tense / nervous / fearful / sad / pessimistic / despondent
– Variety of diagnoses – consult other subscales for diagnosis
123/213/231
132/312
138
139
247/274/472 MMPI-II:
278/728
468/486/648/684/846/864
478/487/748/784/847/874
687/867
• 468/486/648/684/846/864 (Psychopathic Deviate & Paranoia &

Schizophrenia):
– Anxious / Depressed / Agitated / Critical
– History of physical abuse / suicide / family problems
– Psychiatric hospitalizations
• 478/487/748/784/847/874 (Psychopathic Deviate &
Psychasthenia & Schizophrenia):
– Psychotic symptoms – delusions / hallucinations / poor reality
– Depression / suicide / anxiety / agitation
• 687/867 (Paranoia & Schizophrenia & Psychasthenia):
– 6 & 8 much more elevated than 7 – the “psychotic valley”
– Serious psychopathology – schizophrenia (paranoid type)
– Hallucinations / delusions / blunted affect / aggressive when
drinking
Content Scales
• Wiggings developed this scale in 1966
• He suggested that how an individual chooses to present
himself or herself when responding to the mmpi items,
whatever the reasoning or motivation, provide useful
information that might argument what can be learned from
scores on the clinical scales.
The descriptors are based on the scale content and
empirical.
They apply of content scale score if greater than than 64.
MMPI-II: Content Scales
• ANX: • ASP:
– Anxiety – Antisocial Practices
• FRS: • TPA:
– Fears
– Type A Behavior
• OBS:
• LSE:
– Obsessiveness
– Low Self-Esteem
• DEP:
– Depression • SOD:
• HEA: – Social Discomfort
– Health Concerns • FAM:
• BIZ: – Family Problems
– Bizarre Mentation • WRK:
• ANG: – Work Interference
– Anger • TRT:
• CYN: – Negative Treatment
– Cynicism Indicators
ANX
ANX (Anxiety) FRS (Fears)
FRS • Anxious / Nervous • Fearful
OBS
DEP
• Poor concentration • Uneasy
HEA • Uneasy decision • Phobias
BIZ
making
ANG • Multiple fears
CYN • OCD symptoms
ASP • Not very
• May have suicidal competitive
TPA
LSE ideation
SOD • Hopeless /
FAM
WRK
Overwhelmed
TRT • Insecure / low self-
confidence
ANX
OBS (Obsessiveness) DEP (Depression)
FRS • Difficulty decision • Depressed / blue
OBS making
DEP
• Fatigued / lethargic
HEA • Rigid / not like • Pessimistic
BIZ change • Cry
ANG
CYN • Worry / ruminate • Past suicide
ASP • Low self- attempts
TPA
LSE
confidence • Health concerns
SOD • OCD symptoms • Relationship
FAM
WRK
• Hopeless problems
TRT • Low interest in • Life is a strain
things
ANX
HEA (Health Concerns) BIZ (Bizarre Mentation)
FRS • Deny good physical • Psychotic thoughts
OBS health • Unusual thought
DEP
HEA • Preoccupied with content
BIZ physical health • Feeling in unreality
ANG
• Lethargic • Paranoia?
CYN
ASP • Poor coping skills • “People reading my
TPA Mind”
LSE • Depressive • History of suicide
SOD symptoms attempts
FAM
WRK
• Somatic symptoms • Past sexual abuse?
TRT in times of stress • Poor achievement
ANX
ANG (Anger) CYN (Cynicism)
FRS • Angry / Hostile • Dishonest, uncaring
OBS
DEP
• Irritable, impatient • Suspicious
HEA • Aggressive / • Untrusting
BIZ
Impulsive • Not friendly / helpful
ANG
CYN • Swearing / • Low achievement
ASP smashing things • Paranoia?
TPA
LSE • Loss of control • Physical abuse?
SOD • Feelings of unfair
FAM
WRK
TX
TRT • Physically abused?
ANX
ASP (Antisocial Practices) TPA (Type A)
FRS • Trouble w/ & • Work oriented
OBS disregard for law or • Fast paced
DEP school • Never enough time
HEA
• Enjoy criminals • Impatient
BIZ
ANG • Resent authority • Hostile / irritable
CYN • Manipulative / Cold • Overbearing
ASP hearted
TPA • Hold grudges
• Self-centered
LSE • Paranoia?
SOD • Dishonest / Antisocial
FAM • Aggressive / angry /
WRK Impulsive
TRT
ANX
LSE (Low Self-Esteem) SOD (Social Discomfort)
FRS • Poor self-concepts • Shy / introverted
OBS
DEP
• Anticipate failure • Limited interests
HEA • Feeling inept • Feeling awkward
BIZ
ANG • See others as • Preoccupied with
CYN superior health
ASP
• Passive in • Overly sensitive
TPA
LSE relationships • Emotionally
SOD • Worries / fears withdrawn
FAM
WRK • Uncomfortable • Depressive
TRT with compliments Disorder?
ANX
FAM (Family Problems) WRK (Work Interference)
FRS • Problems w/ family • Poor work
OBS performance
DEP
• Family lacks love
HEA • Rejects family • Questioning own
BIZ
• Angry toward career
ANG
CYN family • Others disapproved
ASP
• Raw deal from life of their career
TPA
LSE • Physically abused? • Insecure / failures
SOD
• Depressed • Low achievement
FAM
WRK • Depressive • Lethargic / sad
TRT disorder? • Suicidal ideation
ANX
TRT (Negative Treatment Indicators)
FRS • Do not like clinicians
OBS
DEP
• Terminate TX early
HEA • No one can understand
BIZ
ANG • Do not want to disclose
CYN • Experience intense
ASP
emotional distress
TPA
LSE • Do not like change
SOD
FAM
• Low energy / insecure
WRK • Suicidal ideation
TRT
• Poor judgment
Content Component Scales
• The Content Scales are further broken down & described
in the Content Component Scales. There are a total of 27
Content Component Scales that Correspond with the
Content Scales. ANX, OBS, & WRK do not have any
Component Scales
• Developed by Ben porah and Sher-wood in 1993
• Interpreted only the score more than 64 and parent content
scale T score 60 or greater.
Content Component Scales Scores
• FRS 1 (Generalized Fearfulness):
– Report a general pattern of fearfulness
and timidity
– Generally nervous
• FRS 2 (Multiple Fears):
– Many specific fearful stimuli such as
animals, heights, etc.
– Many specific phobias
• DEP 1 (Lack of Drive):
– Unable to get going and get things done
– Lack of interest in things
• DEP 2 (Dysphoria):
– Depressed, sad, blue & difficulty overcoming
depressed feelings
• DEP 3 (Self-Depreciation):
– Negative self-concept & Feels useless, helpless,
guilty, or worthless
• DEP 4 (Suicidal Ideation):
– Current or recent suicidal ideation & gestures
• HEA 1 (Gastrointestinal Symptoms):

– Reports many gastrointestinal problems
• HEA 2 (neurological symptoms):
– Reports many neurological problems
• HEA 3 (general health concerns):
– Preoccupied with physical health concerns
– Believe they are experiencing poor health
• BIZ 1 (Psychotic Symptomatology):

– A number of frankly psychotic symptoms
– Hallucinations & delusions
• BIZ 2 (schizotypal characteristics):
– Strange and peculiar experiences
– Ideas of reference & paranoid ideation
• ANG 1 (Explosive Behavior):

– Explosive behaviors such as hitting
and smashing things
– Frequent temper tantrums
• ANG 2 (Irritability):
– Irritable and grouchy
– Complain a great deal
– Impatient & easily annoyed
• CYN 1 (Misanthropic Beliefs):
– Believes others are selfish and interested
only in their own welfare
– Are unwilling to rely on others for help &
support or to help others
• CYN 2 (Interpersonal Suspiciousness):
– Believe others are not to be trusted
– Report paranoid ideation
• ASP 1 (Antisocial Attitudes):

– Antisocial beliefs and attitudes
– Little respect for the law or authority
• ASP 2 (Antisocial Behavior):
– Report engaging in antisocial behaviors
– May have been in trouble with law & or
engage in substance abuse
• TPA 1 (Impatience):
– Impatient with others especially at work
– Easily annoyed
– Do not like to be interrupted
• TPA 2 (Competitive Drive):
– Very competitive
– Driven to succeed at all costs
– May be viewed by others as hostile
• LSE 1 (Self-Doubt):
– Poor self-concepts
– Believe others do not like them
– Are viewed by others as putting selves down
• LSE 2 (Submissiveness):
– Give to others
– Are readily downed in an argument
– Passive in relationships
– Turn to others for help in decision making
• SOD 1 (Introversion):
– Dislike being around others
– Kept others at a distance
• SOD 2 (Shyness):
– Uncomfortable in interpersonal
relationships
– Find it difficult to interact with new people
• FAM 1 (Family Discord):
– Experiences significant family conflict and
strife
– Get into frequent arguments with family
members
• FAM 2 (Family Alienation):
– Feeling alienated from family
– Do not perceive family as source of support
– Do not have strong emotional ties with
family members
• TRT 1 (Low Motivation):
– Feel unmotivated or unable to change
– May be viewed as having given up on
solving problems
– Lack self-confidence
• TRT 2 (Inability to Disclose):
– Feel unable to open up to others
– Are uncomfortable discussing personal
matters
– Believes others cannot understand
Supplementary Scales
• The supplementary scales are intended
to add the interpretation of validity and
clinical scale
• The T score 65 or greater should be
considered high and below 40 should
be considered low
MMPI-II: Supplementary Scales
• A: Anxiety (T>64)
– Anxious and uncomfortable
– Depressed and have somatic complaints
• R: Repression (T>64)
– Introverted, internalizing individuals
who have adopted careful and cautious
life-styles
• Es: Ego Strength (T>64)
– Appear to be fairly well put together emotionally. In
non-clinical populations: not likely to have serious
emotional problems.
• LOW SCORES – more severe problems that are less likely to
be situational in nature
• Es: Ego Strength (T = 40-64)
– No interpretation
• Es: Ego Strength (T <40)
– Poor overall insight
– Poor prognosis for treatment
– Limited psychological resources for dealing with
problems
• MAC-R: MacAndrew Alcoholism-Revised
(Raw>28)
– Socially extroverted, exhibitionistic, self-confident and assertive
– Aggressive, may have problems in school or law
– Competitive, risk taking, experience blackouts
– May be more likely to have made previous suicide attempts
• MAC-R: MacAndrew Alcoholism-Revised (Raw =
24-27)
– May suggest substance abuse problems
• MAC-R: MacAndrew Alcoholism-Revised (Raw <
24)
– Substance abuse problems less likely
• AAS: Addiction Acknowledgement Scale
(T>60)
– May have diagnoses of substance abuse or
dependence
– Have histories of acting out behaviors
– May have suicide attempts
• APS: Addiction Potential Scale (T>60)
– The precursor to the symptoms found on AAS
– Possible substance abuse problems
– Antisocial behavior?
• MDS: Marital Distress Scale (T>64)
– Experiencing depression and may have suicidal
ideation
– Anger, sadness, have few friends
• Ho: Hostility (T>64)
– High levels of anger, not friendly, increased risk of
serious health problems
– Cynical, suspicious, hostile
• O-H: Overcontrolled – Hostility (T>64)
– Tend not to express anger, have strong needs to
excel, describe supportive family backgrounds
– Trustful, dependent on others
• Do: Dominance (T>64)
– Appear poised and self assured, secure and self-
confident
– Resourceful, efficient, realistic achievement oriented
– Feel adequate to handle problems
• Re: Social Responsibility (T>64)
– Have incorporated societal and cultural values and
are committed to behaving in a manner consistent
with those values – they place high value on
honesty and justice.
• Mt: College Maladjustment (T>64)
– Suggest general maladjustment and pessimism
– Procrastinates & anxious
• GM: Masculine Gender Role & GF:
Feminine Gender Role
– The higher the score the more traditional gender
roles are displayed
– The higher the score the more positive (confident,
free from worries)
– Also, the higher the score the more likely there is a
drug or alcohol issue
• PK: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
– Are reporting intense emotional distress, enxiety
and sleep disturbances
– May be having unwanted or disturbing thoughts
MMPI-II: The Personality
Psychopathology Five (PSY-5 Scales)
• Developed from
theories of personality
disorders and
“normal” personality
• The PSY-5 constructs
cover 5 broad
personality domains
that are relevant to
clinical planning,
communication, and
intervention.
• AGGR (Aggressiveness) (T >= 64)
– Enjoy intimidating others and may use
aggression as a tool to accomplish their goals
– Dominant in relationships
• PSYC (Psychoticism) (T >= 64)
– This assesses the disconnection from reality
• DISC (Disconstraint) (T >= 64)
– Tend to be more risk taking, impulsive, and
less traditional
– Slight tendency to prefer romantic partners
who have the same features
• NEGE (Negative Emotionality Neuroticism) (T >= 64)
– DX with depression or dysthymia at intake
– Low functioning with few friends – focus on their
flaws
• INTR (Introversion / Low Positive emotionality) (T >=
64)
– Increased rates of depression and low achievement
expectations
– Low score less than 40 T shows extroverted and high
positive emotional pattern
MMPI-II: Harris-Lingoes Subscales
• The Harris – Lingoes Subscales are meant to give a better
understanding of basic clinical scales.
• Developed by Harris – Lingoes
• The Harris Lingoes Subscales provides information
concerning the kinds of items that were endorsed in the
scored direction in obtaining a particular score on a
clinical (basic) scale.
• It is only used to understand high elevations.
• The subscales should be interpreted only when T score
grater than 64 and also parent scale T score greater than
64
• Harris & Lingoes did not develop subscales for 5 & 0. This
was done in accordance to research that does not consider
scales 5 and 0 as true clinical scales.
• D 1: Subjective Depression
– Feeling unhappy, blue, or depressed
– Lack self confidence
• D 2: Psychomotor Retardation
– Feeling immobilized / withdrawn
– Avoid other people
• D 3: Physical Malfunctioning
– Preoccupied with their own physical functioning
– Do not have good health
• D 4: Mental Dullness
– Lack of energy to cope with the problems of life
– Feel inferior to others
• D 5: Brooding
– Brood, ruminate, cry much of the time
– Easily hurt by criticism
• Hy 1: Denial of Social Anxiety
– A T greater than 65 is not possible – Not helpful in understanding
high scores
• Hy 2: Need for Affection
– Have strong needs for attention & affection from others and fear that
those needs will not be met if they are more honest about their
feelings & attitudes
– Have optimistic and trusting attitudes toward other people
• Hy 3: Lassitude – Malaise
– Feeling uncomfortable and are not in good health
– Feel weak, fatigued
• Hy 4: Somatic Complaints
– Have many somatic complaints
– Experience pain in the hear or chest
– Express little or no hostility toward other people
• Hy 5: Inhibition of Aggression
– Do not experience hostile and aggressive impulses
– Are not interested in reading about crime or violence
• Pd 1: Familial Discord
– See their home and family life as quite unpleasant
– Have felt like leaving their home situations
• Pd 2: Authority Problems
– Resent societal and parental standards and customs
– Have been in trouble in school or with the law
• Pd 3: Social Imperturbability
– A T greater than 65 is not possible – Not helpful in understanding high
scores
• Pd 4: Social Alienation
– Feels alienated, isolated, etc.
– Feels that other people do not understand them
• Pd 5: Self Alienation
– Feeling uncomfortable and unhappy
– Have problems concentrating
– Find it hard to settle down
– May use alcohol excessively.
• Pa 1: Persecutory Ideas
– View the world as a threatening place
– Feel that they are getting a raw deal from life
– Are suspicious and untrusting of other people
• Pa 2: Poignancy
– Are more high strung and more sensitive than other
people
– Feel more intensely than others
• Pa 3: Naivete
– Have very optimistic attitudes about other people
– Are tursting and see others as honest, unselfish,
generous, and altruistic
• Sc 1: Social Alienation
– Getting a raw deal from life
– Others have it in for me or are against me
• Sc 2: Emotional Alienation
– Experience feelings of depression and despair and
may wish that they are dead
– Apathetic and frightened or have sadistic &/or
masochistic needs
• Sc 3: Lack of Ego Mastery (Cognitive)
– Feeling that they might be losing their minds
– Have strange thought processes and feelings of
unreality or have problems with concentration &
memory
• Sc 4: Lack of Ego Mastery (Conative)
– Feel that life is a strain and that they experience depression
and despair
– Have difficulty in coping with everyday problems and worry
excessively
• Sc 5: Lack of Ego Mastery (Defective Inhibition)
– Tend to be restless, hyperactive, and irritable
– Have periods of laughing and crying that they cannot control
• Sc 6: Bizarre Sensory Experiences
– Experience feelings that their bodies are changing in strange
and unusual ways
– Experience skin sensitivity, feeling hot or cold, voice changes,
muscle twitching, clumsiness, problems in balance, ringing or
buzzing in the ears, paralysis, and weakness
• Ma 1: Amorality
– Perceive others as selfish, dishonest, and opportunistic
because of these perceptions feel justified in behaving in
similar ways
– Derive vicarious satisfaction from the manipulative exploits of
others
• Ma 2: Psychomotor Retardation
– Experience acceleration of speech, thought processes, and
motor activity
– Feel tense and restless or excited or elated without cause
• Ma 3: Imperturbability
– Do not experience social anxiety
– Feel comfortable around others
– Have no problem in talking with other
• Ma 4: Ego Inflation
– Are important persons
– Have been treated unfairly
– Are resentful when others make demands of them
MMPI-II: Other Subscales
Ben-Porath, Hostetler, Butcher, & Graham

Subscales
• Si 1:
– Shyness / Self-Consciousness
• Si 2:
– Social Avoidance
• Si 3:
– Self / Other Alienation
MMPI-II: Other Subscales
• Si 1: Shyness / Self-Consciousness
– High Scores: feeling shy, anxious, uncomfortable, easily
embarrassed
– Low Scores: extroverted, initiate social contact with other people
• Si 2: Social Avoidance
– High Scores: do not enjoy being involved with groups or crowds
or people
– Low Scores: enjoy being involved with groups or crowds
• Si 3: Self / Other Alienation
– High Scores: low self-esteem, lack interest in activities, feel
unable to effect changes in their life, insecure
– Low Scores: have high self-esteem, appear to be interested in
activities
Critical Item Analysis
• Suicide
–75 False, 303 True, 506 True,
520 True, 524 True
• Assault
–27 True, 37 True, 85 True,
134 True, 213 True, 389 True
Thank you….
All the best…

MMPI-2 Personality Test Analysis

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality

• Must be licensed to practice psychology independently

Hs (1) Mf (5) Masculinity / Femininity

Hs (1) Mf (5) Masculinity / Femininity

Hs (1) Mf (5) Masculinity / Femininity

• 123/213/231 (Hypochondriasis & Depression & Hysteria):

• 139 (Hypochondriasis & Hysteria & Hypomania):

• 468/486/648/684/846/864 (Psychopathic Deviate & Paranoia &

• HEA 1 (Gastrointestinal Symptoms):

• BIZ 1 (Psychotic Symptomatology):

• ANG 1 (Explosive Behavior):

• ASP 1 (Antisocial Attitudes):

Ben-Porath, Hostetler, Butcher, & Graham

All the best…

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