Professional Documents
Culture Documents
tension in beams
Introduction
The preceding chapters dealt with the flexural
behavior and flexural strength of beams. Beams must
also have an adequate safety margin against the
types of failure. Shear failure of reinforced concrete,
more properly called diagonal tension failure in one of
them.
Shear failure is difficult to predict, not yet fully
under stood.
Shear analysis and design is not really concerned
with shear as such. The shear stresses in most beams
are far below the direct shear strength of concrete.
My
and bending stress at any or f
section I
f f2
Principal stresses are given t 2
by 2 4
Vcr
v cr 3.5 f c '
bd
Vcr
Vcr 1. 9 f c '
bd
Large moment reduce shear force at which at which diagonal
cracks form to roughly one-half value at which they would if the
moment were zero or nearly so.
Criteria For Formation of Diagonal Cracks
V M
It is clear that V( ) K1 and f K2 2
bd bd
where K1 & K2 depend on crack configuration.
Criteria For Formation of Diagonal Cracks
v K1 Vd
Hence the ratio
f K2 M
Vcr Vd
Vcr 1.9 fc ' 2500 3.5 fc '
bd M
Behavior of Diagonally Cracked Beams
Two types of behavior have been observed.
M ext Vd p Vi m
Tb
Z
Neglecting Vd and Vi, which decrease with
increasing crack opening
M ext ,a
Tb
Z
Behavior of Diagonally Cracked Beams
Where Vs = nAvfv
n = No. of stirrups traversing the crack.
Vd
Vc 1.9 f c 2500 bd 3.5 f c bd
M
Beams With Vertical Stirrups
Vn A vf v
vn vc
bd bs
Beams With Inclined Bars
The function of inclined web reinforcement can be
discussed in vary similar terms.
p
i = inclined length of crack i
Cos
α = Inclination of the bars
ө = Inclination of the crack
a = The distance between bars measured parallel
to the direction of the crack Cos p i p
i i cos
n and x = a sin
a
n m
Cot & Cot
x x
n m
Cot Cot
x x
n m
Cot Cot
a sin a sin
nm s
Cot Cot
a sin a sin
s
a
sin Cot Cot
Beams With Inclined Bars
p sin Cot Cot
n
s cos
p 1
n tan Cot
s tan
p
n 1 tan Cot
s
Vertical component of the force in one bar
= Avfv sinα Therefore
Total vertical component of the forces in all bars
which cross the crack is Vs = nAvfvsinα
p
Vs A v fv (sin Cos tan )
S
Ultimate strength when failure is caused by shear is
obtained as
A v f y d (sin Cos)
Vn Vc
S
assuming crack is at 450 and horizontal projection of
the crack is d.
S < 4”
It is more economical to compute the spacing required at
several sections and to place the stirrups accordingly, in
groups of varying spacing.
3
For longitudinal bars bent at 45 o Smax d
4
d
Smax is replaced by above.
2
The above calculation of design is for
Vs (Vu Vc ) 4 f c 'bw d
Solution
Vu should not be larger than one-half the design shear
1
strength 2 Vc
1
Vu ( 2 f c 'bw d )
2
Vu 27 x 1000
bw d
fc ' 0.75 4000
= 569.2 in2
Let bw = 18” then d = 32”
If minimum web reinforcement is required then Vu should be
larger than øVc
Vu = øVc
(2f c 'bw d )
Vu 27 x 1000
bw d
2 fc ' 0.75 x 2 x 4000
= 66.8 k
Vs 4 f c 'bw d
5 5
First stirrup will be 2.5" from the support face.
2 2
Therefore max. spacing should be
9 spaces at 5 in. = 45 in.
2 spaces at 6 in. = 12 in.
2 spaces at 9 in. = 18 in.
2 spaces at 11 in. = 22 in.
Total . = 99 in.