Theory of Elasticity

• Theory of elasticity governs response

– Symmetric stress & strain components
• Governing equations
– Equilibrium equations (3)
– Strain-displacement equations (6)
– Constitutive equations (6)
• Unknowns
– Stress (6)
– Strain (6)
– Displacement (3)
 Boundary & Initial Conditions
• Linear elastic material
– Three partial differential equations in
displacements
– Second order in each coordinate
– Second order in time
• On a free surface in each direction
– Specify stress or displacement but not both
• Initial conditions for each direction specify
– Displacement and velocity
 Surface Forces
• Specify pressure (szz), shears (szx, szy) or
• Specify displacements (u,v,w)
Rigid Body Motion – 2D
 Rigid Body Displacements – 2D
• Strains vanish
u v u v
 xx   0,  yy   0,  xy    0,
x y y x
• Integrating normal strains
u  f  y , v  g  x 
• Integrating shear strain
f  y   g  x   0 or g  x   0 & g  x     constant
• Hence (U, V are constants)
f  y   , & f  y   U  y, g  x   V  x
• Displacement solution
u  x, y   U  y, v x, y   V  x
Reactions with Excessive Constraints

Extra constraint in horizontal direction will add excessive stress

Vertical constraints and loads produce point load infinite stresses
 Rigid Body Displacements – 3D
• All strains vanish
 xx   yy   zz 0,  xy   yz   zx  0

• In terms of displacements
   
u  ui  vj  wk
• Integrating yields displacements
   
u U   r
• Where
   
U  Ui  Vj  Wk  constant vector
• And
   
  xi   y j  z k  constant vector
 Self-Equilibrating Forces
• Examples include:
– Uniform pressure (submarine or bathysphere)

– Thermal expansion
• BCs remove rigid body translations & rotations
– Constrain six degrees of
freedom (3 dofs at one
point, 2 dofs at a second
and 1 dof at a third)
 Plate & Beam Dofs at Each Node
• Beam – 3 translations • Plate – 3 translations
3 rotations 2 rotations
 Nastran FE Code – Plate Elements
• All nodes for all elements types have six dofs
– 3 for translation
– 3 for rotation
• Flat plate models need dofs perpendicular to
plane of model constrained (set to zero)
• Shells made of plate elements do not
• Solid elements need all three rotations at each
node set to zero
Simply Supported Beam Example

Fix six dofs – 5 translation and 1 rotation

Simply Supported Beam Example

Fix six dofs – 5 translation and 1 rotation

Cantilever Beam

Fix six dofs – 3 translation and 3 rotation

 Internal Surfaces & Cracks
• Cracks • Internal Surfaces
 Hertz Contact - Gaps & Friction
• Hertz Contact • Gap & Friction Elements
Transformations

X '  X cos  Y sin 

Y '   X sin   Y cos
Z ' Z
 Use of Symmetry
• Makes a large problem smaller
• Axisymmetry reduces a 3D problem to 2D
• Recall stress & strain symmetric
• Examples:
 Periodic Boundary Conditions
• Stress & Strain are periodic
• Mean displacements can vary linearly with
coordinates due to expansion and rotation
• For

u1  C1  u0
v1  v0
Multi-Point Constraints - Tying
CX  D or

 c11 c12 ... c1m   x1   d1 

c c22    
... c2 m  x2   d 2  
 21     
 ... ... ... ...   ...   ... 
    
cn1 cn 2 ... cnm   xm  d m 
where xi are specified degrees of freedom,
cij dj are known constants.
 Distant Boundary Conditions
• Build a sufficiently large model
– At least 20 times length of largest dimension of
interest
• Substructure a large coarse model
– Use output from large model as input to a refined
local model
– Use super-elements or substructuring
– Use infinite elements (when available)