Presented by: Jester P.

Aguirre
Presented by: Jester P. Aguirre
•Each countries has its own priorities for public policies which changes over
time.

•For a government to deliver on its priorities, good public administration is a

key success factor.

•There should be a complete conceptual framework

Before an issue can be considered,
policy makers must recognize it as
a problem requiring public
attention.

In our case Traffic is the major

problem we currently have wherein
it already caught the attention of
the general public not just
commuters but private vehicle
owners, business and logistics as
well as economic activity.
Means that a government body
empowered to resolve the problem
considers the issue. Interest group
strength, political support, and the
severity of the issue determine
whether the issue reaches the
political agenda.

•What issues are important to you?

•Why are these issues of
importance?
•What government agencies should
be primarily involve?

Functions:
•Policy formulation
•Industry/ services regulation
•Infrastructure development
•International cooperation
The Department of Transportation (DOTr) is
the primary policy, planning, programming,
coordinating, implementing and administrative
entity of the executive branch of the government
on the promotion, development and regulation
of a dependable and coordinated network of
transportation systems, as well as in the fast,
safe, efficient and reliable transportation
services.
As one of the first government agencies
established under the Malolos Constitution on
January 21, 1899, the DOTr plays a crucial role in
accelerating the country's economic
development. It provides the backbone for
growth and enhances the country's competitive
edge by providing effective and efficient
transportation infrastructure systems that
narrow the geographical and physical divide,
connecting the country, its islands, and its
people to the rest of the world.
To provide better management services resulting
from a balanced integration of traffic education,
engineering and enforcement services.

The MMDA shall set the policies concerning

traffic in Metro Manila, and shall coordinate and
regulate the implementation of all programs and
projects concerning traffic management
specifically pertaining to enforcement,
engineering and education. Upon request, it
shall be extended assistance and cooperation,
including but not limited to assignment of
personnel, by all other government agencies and
offices concerned.

Coordinate and monitor the implementation of

such plans, programs and projects in Metro
Manila, identity bottlenecks and adopt solutions
to problems of implementation;
 Rationalize the land
transportation services and
facilities and to effectively
implement the various
transportation laws, rules and
regulations. It is the
responsibility of those
involved in the public service
to be more vigilant in their
part in the over-all
MANDATE AND FUNCTIONS development scheme of the
•Inspection and Registration of Motor Vehicles national leadership. Hence,
promotion of safety and
•Issuance of License and Permits comfort in land travel is a
•Enforcement of Land Transportation Rules continuing commitment of
the LTO.
and Regulations
•Adjudication of Traffic Cases
•Collection of Revenues for the Government
The LTFRB is a sectoral agency of the
Department of Transportation (DOTr)
which is mandated under the law to
regulate land-based public transportation,
and to safeguard the welfare and interests
of the commuting public.

Ensure that the commuting public has

adequate, safe, convenient, environment-
friendly and dependable public land
transportation services at reasonable rates
through the implementation of land-based
transportation policies, programs, and
projects responsive to an investment-led
and demand-driven industry.
The Department of Public Works
and Highways functions as the
engineering and construction arm
of the Government tasked to
continuously develop its technology
for the purpose of ensuring the
safety of all infrastructure facilities
and securing for all public works
and highways the highest efficiency
and quality in construction. DPWH
is currently responsible for the
planning, design, construction and
maintenance of infrastructure,
especially the national highways,
flood control and water resources
development system, and other
public works in accordance with
national development objectives.
The range of issues the political system is
addressing the list of activities that public
decision makers pay attention to at any given
time. Individuals use it to bring new issues
into the political limelight.

for example, struggled with immigration

reform for years and it is still struggling with
problems associated with Social Security.
Once one institution takes action, though, it
is likely that the others will be drawn into
policymaking, too. For example, if Congress
passes a bill creating a new program or
amending an old one, an administrative
agency will probably have to write
regulations for it. It is also likely that there
will be a court challenge to the way the
agency is carrying out the program.
Policy formulation is the development of effective and
acceptable courses of action for addressing what has been
placed on the policy agenda.

Involves the shaping of specific proposals addressing the

problem. Formulating policy in a way that maximizes official
and public support for the measure is important because it
helps to ensure its adoption and practice.

Effective formulation: means that the policy proposed is

regarded as a valid, efficient, and implementable solution to
the issue at hand. If the policy is seen as ineffective or
unworkable in practice, there is no legitimate reason to propose
it. Policy analysts try to identify effective alternatives.

Acceptable formulation: means that the proposed course of

action is likely to be authorized by the legitimate decision
makers, usually through majority-building in a bargaining
process.
The stage of the policymaking
process during which proposals are
accepted by the decision-making
body.

This is the most political stage of the

policy process. It involves
bargaining, compromising, and
negotiation. Seldom does a proposal
emerge from the process as
originally formulated. Politicians
often use policy-negotiating tactics
such as pork barrel politics and
logrolling during this stage.
 It refers to the process of carrying out the
authoritative decisions of Congress, the
president, and the courts. The action that
will be taken to put the law into effect or
that the problem will be solved.

Information: make the people aware

about the policy and program
Inducement: make the people to adopt
new behavior
Enforcement: adopt the behavior under
the threat of penalties
Benefactor: offer positive benefits or
incentives to people who change their
behavior in desire action
The analysis of public policy. after an
agency puts a program into operation, it
must evaluate the policy's success or
failure. Evaluation can take place when
an agency assigns staff members to
examine how well a program is working.
Using social science methodology, the
staff will try to design a valid means of
collecting data to find out how well the
program is addressing the original
policy issue.
The stage of the policymaking
process whereby public policy is
discontinued when it has attained
the goals of the policy or fail to
accomplish the goal of the policy.
Government must cancel policies
when they become dysfunctional
or unnecessary. Government,
however, often neglects this stage.
Consequently, the size, scope, and
influence of government grow.
This model considers formulation of plans for growth in the direction of
modernity or nation building and socio-economic (the social science that studies
how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes.) progress on an
idealistic point. Programmes are worked up and implemented with system change
for realizing growth. It is noteworthy that least developed, under develop and
developing nations have established agencies like the planning commission and
planning boards to reflect on development process.

Weidner in this model that most specifically planning bodies are unable to
produce qualitative outcome because of the “Ideal set of conditions” why? because
of the following reasons:

First, The ability of any political and administrative system to have directional
growth and system change is severely restricted.

Second, The ability of any political and administrative system to carry out a
planned programme of major change is often severely limited
To effect change, the need for planning is important. In fact, many planning
commissions have been created in the less developed countries. One reason for the
creation of planning commissions is to modernize their own country to be the
same as their neighboring countries. The planning bodies represent a judgment
that planned, intended, and even orderly change is the most likely way in which
development both system alteration and growth can be achieved. A central
planning body is thought to be the capstone of the process. Weidner explains that
successful innovation in an administrative setting is not easily accomplished. All
the countries of South-East Asia have formulated five-year plans and majority of
these plans have been a complete failure in practice, of courses, the prominent
reason for this is inadequate administrative system.
This model explains that the political executives and it officials encounters
difficulties in introducing major system changes in LDC or Less Developed
Countries, wherein they are exploring too much the possibility of maximizing
development within it’s present system. He also point out four factors in this
model:

1. Leadership of a country is not revolutionary and represents a balancing of

forces.
2. Little technical assistance or Foreign aid or such assistance or aid is obtained
without major strings attached
3. The country’s leadership is experiencing political trouble, but there is a
desire for stabilization.
4. In countries where there is a demand to show results or an emphasis on
consumption, the short-run payoff is frequently followed.
What is short-run payoff?

Here is a quick example on a business side, If a hospital experiences lower than

expected demand in a given year, but its entire employment force of doctors,
nurses and technicians is under contract for the year, then the hospital has no
choice but to swallow a cut in its profit.

Planned developmental growth within limitations of present systems does not

mean that the amount of differentiation cannot be increased in any way or the
level of coordination can’t be raised, but it is a matter of degree. This provides
leaders with a tremendous range of possibilities. This can be made possible
through the creation of in-service training unit in the personnel agency of the
government, sub dividing an existing bureau of a rather unimportant agency, by
adding additional units to a branch of an agency, which could enhance the
authority of its chief. All these moves are in the direction of differentiation and
ultimately require new or supplementary mechanism for coordination.
This model emphasis on planned system change with no directional growth. The
growth has been looked as a direction of modernity or nation-building. Planned
system change with little or no immediate growth in a development direction
may result from an emphasis on production rather than on consumption. If the
leaders seek major growth in the future and have a strong support base, they
may decide to pull in on immediate gains so that in the longer view much more
gains will be realized.
There are two reasons to determine if the said factor is said to be present:

1. Non-Acceleration of economic growth

2. Growth was inadequate to cover the growing population and inflation

When planning takes place, there should be a remarkable change. But it is difficult
to change the whole system. In the case of Vietnam, in general, it is a failure since
the plan involved a major government-wide change, although it is successful in
part. Vietnam was successful in reforming the employees in the finance sector but
not in other agencies hence, the change did not take place for the general welfare of
the whole Vietnamese people.
Many of the changes brought about in any society come by reaction of leaders or
groups to certain environmental factors. To the extent that such environmental
factors can be augmented, non-directed major change may take place. In the case
of the private sector, an entrepreneur may be encouraged to embark upon a new
undertaking because of the “environment” of government policies, even without
formal government approval or informal request for establishing a new enterprise.
There may be planning for the encouragement of business, but no detailed
planning as to who does what where. In the case of government, major system
changes can be brought about by ad hoc (Issues that come up in the course of a
project often require immediate action)pragmatic adaptation to the conditions in
which an agency finds itself. Environmental stimulus is a potent force for change.
Decentralized initiative, competition, adaptation, and emulation are far more
likely to be instrumental in bringing growth in the direction of modernity, nation-
building, and socio-economic progress. Unplanned growth in a development
direction accompanied by no system change is probably the most common form
of development to be found in mildly liberalizing regimes the world around. The
customs agency increases its services because the number of visitors to the
country sharply increases. Without strong controls or “strings” attached to
technical assistance, unplanned directional growth is a natural strategy to fall
back on. It is also a natural and most important supplement to extensive
programs of planned change.
Unplanned changes largely come about as the result of decentralized initiative,
competition, adaptation, and emulation. For the most part, unplanned system
change with no directional growth is the result of adjustment to emergencies. The
ravages of war, international or civil, have inflicted their misfortunes on many a
less developed country, and brought quick unplanned system change in their
wake. Crisis results might be in the form of refugee problems, starvation,
uncontrolled epidemics, floods, drought, etc.
Few societies are totally static under the conditions that obtain in the world
today. But there are segments of societies that approach a static change. The
reason is because there is no plan made and so the result is that there is no
change to be done. Weidner also states that in spite of favorable circumstances
for change a certain amount of driftlessness often occurs in large segments of
nations. In the earlier model we have observed that crisis lead to on the spot
adjustment in turn it may lead to major system change.