3.

2 PERIODICITY

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 Learning Outcome
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to :
d) Define the term isoelectronic
g) Define the first and second ionisation energies
k) Define electronegativity
l) Explain the variation in electronegativity of elements
m) Explain the acid-base character of oxides of elements in
Period 3
ISOELECTRONIC
 ISOELECTRONIC

Definition: atoms/ions that have same electronic

configuration
Example:
Al : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 O : 1s2 2s2 2p4
13 8

Al3+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 O2– : 1s2 2s2 2p6

Al3+ & O2– are isoelectronic species

(same electronic configuration)

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 EXAMPLE –3

Group the species that are isoelectronic:

4Be
2+ , 9F– , 7N3– , 2He , 16S
2– , 18Ar

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 Ans: EXAMPLE – 3

Electron configuration:

Be2+ : 1s2
F– : 1s2 2s2 2p6
N3– : 1s2 2s2 2p6
He : 1s2
S2– : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
Ar : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

Isolectronic:
Be2+ and He
F– and N3–
S2– and Ar
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 IONISATION ENERGY (IE)

First Ionisation Energy (IE1):

“Minimum energy required to remove 1 mol of
electrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms in its
ground state.
Unit: J/mol
Removes the first electron from outermost shell
X (g)  X+(g) + e– E = IE1 > 0

EXAMPLE:
Na(g)  Na+(g) + e– E = 496 J/mol

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 IONISATION ENERGY (IE)

Second Ionisation Energy (IE2):

“energy required to remove 1 mol of electrons
from 1 mol of unipositive gaseous ions.”

Removes the second electron

Ion+(g)  ion2+(g) + e– E = IE2 (always > IE1)

EXAMPLE:
Na+(g)  Na2+(g) + e– E = 4560 J/mol

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Tendency for an atom to attract electrons to
itself when it is chemically combined with
another element
H–H H–F

H●
●H H●
●F

H2 HF

Linus Carl Pauling (1901-1994). American chemist. 10

 EXAMPLE:

+ –
H–F

H●
●F
HF
The electrons spend more time closer to F
F more electronegative than H
Cause F ends of the bond partially negative
and H end partially positive
H–F  polar bond

Atoms with strong attraction for the bonding

electrons have the high electronegativity. 11
Highest electronegativity value (4.0) assigned to F
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EXAMPLE: Note: ( )  electronegativity scale

Period 2:

Li Be B C N O F
(1.0) (1.5) (2.0) (2.5) (3.0) (3.5) (4.0)

electronegativity
increase

Period 3:

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
(0.9) (1.2) (1.5) (1.8) (2.1) (2.5) (3.0)
electronegativity
increase
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EXAMPLE: Note: ( )  electronegativity scale

Group 17:

F electronegativity decrease
(4.0)

Cl
(3.0)

Br
(2.8)

I
(2.5)
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FACTORS AFFECTING ELECTRONEGATIVITY

Factor Change in Zeff Change in shielding effect

Number of protons number of shells, n

increases increases
Nuclear charge Number of inner electrons
Explanation increases increases

Zeff increases shielding effect increases

attraction between attraction between
nucleus and outer e- nucleus and outer e-
becomes stronger electron become weaker
Atomic size decreases Atomic size increases
tendency to attract tendency to attract
electron __________
increase electron __________
decrease
Electronegativity Electronegativity
__________
increase __________
decrease
 The Trend: Electronegativity
Group 1 Electronic Num of shell Zeff Explanation
configuration & inner e-
H 1H: 1s1 1&0 +1 Going down a
group
Li 3Li: 1s2 2s1 2&2 +1 Zeff same
Number of shells,
Na 11Na: 1s2 2s2 2p6
3s1
3 & 10 +1 & number of inner
electron increases
Shielding effect
19K: 1s2 2s2 2p6 increases
K 3s2 3p6 4s1
4 & 18 +1
attraction between
nucleus and outer
e- become weaker
Rb: …..
atomic size larger
Tendency to attract
Rb electron decrease
Electronegativity decrease.

Electronegativity generally decrease down a

group from top to bottom 16
 The Trend: Electronegativity

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

Electronic 11Na: 1s2 2s2 2p6 13Al: 1s2 2s2 2p6 18Ar: 1s2 2s2 2p6
configuration 3s1 3s2 3p1 3s2 3p6

Num of shells & 3 & 10 3 & 10 3 & 10

inner e-
Zeff +1 +3 +8
Number of shells & inner e remain same
Explanation Zeff increase across a period
attraction between nucleus and outer e- become stronger
atomic size or radius smaller
Tendency to attract electron increase.
Electronegativity generally Electronegativity
increase.
increase across a period from left to right 17
 Acid-base character of oxides of
elements in Period 3
 Elements in Period 3:

Na Mg Al** Si** P S Cl Ar

Metals Metalloids Nonmetals

 Generally, when above elements react with oxygen,

 metal will form basic oxide;
 non-metal will form acidic oxide.;
 some metals and many metalloid will form
amphoteric oxide (both acidic and basic oxide).
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 ACID–BASE PROPERTIES OF OXIDES

Main–Group Metal Oxides

They are ionic compounds
In water, acts as bases, producing OH–(a base)
and reacts with acids
EXAMPLE:
Na2O(s) + H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq)
basic oxide base
MgO(s) + H2O(l)  Mg(OH)2 (aq)
basic oxide base
Na2O(s) + 2HCl(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
basic oxide salt
MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) 19
basic oxide salt
 Non-metal Oxides
They are covalent compounds
In water, acts as acids, producing H+(an acid)
and reacts with bases
EXAMPLE:
SO3(g) + H2O(l)  H2SO4(aq)
acidic oxide acid

P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l)  4H3PO4(aq)

acidic oxide acid

Cl2O7(l) + H2O(l)  2HClO4(aq)

acidic oxide acid 20
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 AMPHOTERIC OXIDES
Can act as acids and as bases in water
EXAMPLE: aluminum oxide (Al2O3)

Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq)  2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)

A base

3Al2O3(s) + 6NaOH(aq)  6NaAlO2(aq) + 3H2O(l)

An acid

Element Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O10 SO3 Cl2O7

Type of ionic Gigantic Simple covalent
Compound covalent
Acid/ base basic amp. acidic
nature
Across a period 3:
Oxides: basic  amphoteric  acidic 22
 EXAMPLE – 24

Write the balance equations for the reactions

between each of the following oxides and water:
a) Li2O
b) CaO
c) SO3

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 Ans: EXAMPLE – 24
Most metal oxide reacts with water to produce basic
solution.

Nonmetal oxide reacts with water to produce acidic

solution.
a) Li2O + H2O  2LiOH
Basic oxide base

b) CaO + H 2O  Ca(OH)2
Basic oxide base

c) SO3 + H2O  H2SO4

acidic oxide acid
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 Acid-base behavior of oxides of Period 3
P4O10
SO3(or
Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 (or Cl2O7
SO2)
P4 O 6 )
MgO + P4O10 + SO3 + Cl2O7 +
Na2O +
Adding HO 6H2O H2O H2 O
H2O  2 Insoluble Insoluble
H2O    
2NaOH
Mg(OH)2 4H3PO4 H2SO4 HClO4
Na2O + MgO + Al2O3 +
No
Adding H+ 2H+  6H+  No No No
reactio
HCl  2Na+ Mg2+ + 2Al3+ + reaction reaction reaction
n
+ H2O H2 O 3H2O
P4O10 +
Al2O3 + SiO2 + SO3 + Cl2O7 +
12OH- OH -
Adding No No 2OH- + 2OH-  OH 
-
 
NaOH reaction reaction 3H2O  SiO32- + SO42- +
4PO43- 2ClO4- +
2Al(OH)4 H2O H2O
+ 6H2O H2 O

Basic Basic Amphoter Acidic Acidic Acidic Acidic 25

 Summary of Trends
Atomic Radius IE Electronegativity

Atomic radii

IE

Electronegativity

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