PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

By Jason D. Arellano
 CHARACTERISTICS
PROCESS AND ETHICS OF
RESEARCH
 Research
• is defined as the scientific investigation of
phenomena which includes collection,
presentation, analysis and interpretation of
facts that lines an individual‘s speculation with
reality.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
• Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by
the researcher.
• Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
• Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a
problem and ends with a problem.
• Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in
gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, and
experimental and case study.
• Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
• Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without
bias using systematic method and procedures.
• Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or
repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive
results.
 Research Process
1. Select a general problem.
2. Review the literature of the problem
3. Select a specific research problem, question, or
hypothesis.
4. Collect data.
5. Analyze and present or display data
6. Interpret the findings
7. state conclusions or generalizations regarding
the problem.
 FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN SELECTING
A RESEARCH PROBLEM
Availability of funds
Investigator‘s ability and training
Researcher‘s area of interest
 Ethics in Research
• Ethics generally is considered to deal with
beliefs about what is right or wrong, proper
or improper, good or bad.
• According to a dictionary definition (Webster‘s
1968), to be ethical is to conform to accepted
professional practice.
 Ethical Considerations in Conducting
Research
1. Objectivity and integrity
2. Respect of the research subjects‘ right to privacy
and dignity and protection of subjects from
personal harm
3. Presentation of research findings
4. Misuse of research role
5. Acknowledgement of research collaboration and
assistance
6. Distortions of findings by sponsor
 Unethical Practices in Conducting
Research
1. Deceiving a respondent about the true purpose of a
study
2. Asking a respondent questions that cause him or her
extreme embarrassment; guilt emotional turmoil by
remaining him or her of an unpleasant experience
3. Invading the privacy of a respondent
4. Studying the respondents or research subjects
without their knowledge
5. When analyzing the data—revealing only part of the
facts, presenting facts out of context, falsifying
findings or offering misleading presentation such as
lying with statistics
MARAMING SALAMAT PO