USE AND

TECHNIQUES OF THE
RELATED
LITERATURE

Andales, Meldgyrie Mae M

 “Initially we can say that a review of
the literature is important because
without it you will not acquire an
understanding of your topic, of what
has already been done on it, how it
has been researched, and what the key
issues are.” (The Literature Review in
Research, Sage Publication)
Zulueta and Perez (2010),

reviewing literature involves

a systematic process that
requires careful and
perceptive reading
 PURPOSES OF THE
LITERATURE
• It shares with the reader the result of other
studies that are closely related to the study being
reported (Fraenkel & Warren, 1990)
• It relates a study to the larger, outgoing dialogue
in the literature about the topic, filling in the gaps
and extending prior studies (Marshall & Rossman,
1989)
• It provides a framework for establishing the
importance of the study, as well as a
benchmarkfor comparing the results of a study
with other findings.
 Zulueta & Perez (2010)
• It delimits the research problem.
• It selects new lines of investigation.
• It avoids fruitless approaches.
• It gains methodological insights.
 STEPS IN WRITING A
RELATED LITERATURE
• Search preliminary sources – identify books, articles,
professional journals and other publications which are
relevant and significant to your study
• Use secondary sources – these can be found in other
researches by other researchers that have written reviews
of literature that may be relevant to your study
• Read primary sources – primary sources can be found in
masteral thesis, dissertation or journal article written by
other researchers.
• Synthesis of the literature – after reading and searching for
sources, the researcher will synthesize the relevance and
importance of the literature in your study and the results of
the past study should be compared and contrast
STEPS IN CONDUCTING
A LITERATURE
REVIEW
• Step1: By identifying key words useful in
locating material in an academic library at a
college or university, these key words may
emerge in identifying a topic, or they may
result from preliminary readings in the library.
• Step 2: with these key words in mind, next go to
the library and begin searching the library catalog
for holdings (i.e. journals and books). Most major
libraries have computerized data bases of their
holdings; Creswell (2002) suggest focusing
initially on journals and books related to the
topic. He, also suggest beginning to search the
computerized databases typically reviewed by
social science researcher, such as ERIC, PsycINPO,
sociofile and the social science Citation index
(later, these will be reviewed in some detail).
These databases are available online using the
library’s Web site, or they may be available on
CD-ROM in a library.
• Step 3: Set a priority on the search for journal
article and books because they are easy to
locate and obtain. Determine whether these
articles and books are held in your academic
library or whether you need to send for them
by interlibrary loan or purchase them through
a bookstore.
• Step 4: Using this initial group of articles, look
at the articles and photocopy those that are
central to your topic. In the selection process,
look over the abstract and skim the article or
chapter. Throughout this process, try simply to
obtain a sense of whether the article or
chapter will make a useful contribution to
your understanding of the literature
• Step 5: Identify useful literature and begin designing literature map,
a visual picture of the research literature on your topic. Several
possibilities exist for drawing this map. This picture provides a
useful organizing device for positioning the study within the larger
body of the literature on a topic.
• Step 6: At the same time, organizing the literature into the
literature map and begin to draft summaries of the most relevant
articles. These summaries are combined into the final literature
review that you will write in your proposal or research study. In
addition, include precise references to the literature using an
appropriate style, such as that contained in the American
Psychological Association style manual (American Psychological
Association, 2001), So that you have a complete reference to use at
the end of my proposal or study.
• Step 7: After summarizing the literature, assemble the literature
review, in which you structure the literature thematically or
organize it by important concepts addressed in the study. End your
literature review with a summary of the major themes found in the
literature and suggest that we need further research on the topic
along the lines of my proposed study
 TECHNIQUES IN
WRITING A RELATED
LITERATURE
• instruct to include only that essential
information that can help and elaborate your
research study or essay
• one should establish a priority of one’s
research
HOW TO ANALYZE AND EXTRACT
INFORMATION FROM YOUR
LITERATURE AND THESE ARE
THE FOLLOWING:
1. Mention the problem being addressed
2. State the central purpose or focus of the study
3. Briefly state information about the sample,
population, or subject
4. Review key results that relate to the study
5. Depending on whether or not the review of is a
methodological review, point out technical or
methodological flaws in the study
 EXAMPLE
Creswell, Seagren, and Henry (1979) tested the Biglan
model, a three-dimensional model clustering 36
academic areas into hard or soft, pure or applied, life or
nonlife areas, as a predictor of chairpersons’ professional
development needs. Eighty department chairpersons
located in four state colleges and one university of a
Midwestern state participated in the study. Results
showed that chairpersons in different academic areas
differed in terms of their professional development
needs. On the basis of the findings, the authors
recommended that those ho develop in service programs
need to consider differences among disciplines when they
plan for programs
 Essays, opinions, typologies,
and syntheses of the past
research, these should be done:
1. Mention the problem being addressed by the
article or book
2. Identify the central theme of the study
3. Identify the major conclusions related to this
theme
4. If the review type is methodological, mention
flaws in reasoning, logic, force of argument,
and so forth.
 EXAMPLE
Ginter, Duncan, Richardson and Swayne (1991) recognize the
impact of the external environment on the hospital’s ability to
adapt change. They advocate a process they call
environmental analysis which allows the organization to
strategically determine the best responses to change
occurring in the environment. However, after examining the
multiple techniques used for environmental analysis, it
appears that no comprehensive conceptual scheme or
computer model has been developed tor provide a complete
analysis of environmental issues (Ginter et al, 1991). The
result is an essential part of the strategic change that relies
heavily on a non-quantifiable and judgmental process of
evaluation. To assist the hospital manager to carefully asses
the external environment, Ginter et al. (1991) have developed
the typology
Creswell (1994) recommends
researchers to follow or
consider this order:
1. Begin with a journal articles
2. Review books related to the topic
3. Read recent conference paper on a topic
4. Look at the abstract of dissertations (if a
researcher is in dissertation proposal
stage)
 LITERATURE MAP
• According to Creswell (2002), is a visual
summary of other research similar with your
study
• Qualitative studies - idea will be the key
dependent variable in the study
• Quantitative studies - the idea will be the
central focus or phenomenon being explored.
QUALITATIVE,
QUANTITATIVE
AND MIXED
METHOD
THEORIES
 Qualitative Research
• primarily exploratory research
• According to Wyse (2011), used to gain an
understanding of underlying reasons,
opinions, and motivations.
• In Zulueta & Perez (2010), data were verbal
and not numerical
• This research also used to reveal trends in
thoughts and opinions, dive deeper into the
problem and since this research is exploratory,
collecting of data will be in the form of
interviews, focus group or group discussions
and participation or observations. The sample
size is typically small and the respondents are
selected to fulfill a given quota.
 Quantitative Research
• it is used to quantify problems by way of
generating numerical data or data that can be
transformed into useable statistics.
• Quantitative research is premised on the
assumption that variables be mathematically
measured and researchers who adhere to this
approach stress that the data should be verified.
Generally, the quantitative research approach is
considered to beobjective; that is, “the scientific
method” (Zulueta & Perez, 2010).
• This research is used to quantify attitudes,
opinions and behaviors and other defined
variables that later on will be the basis of the
generalization of the results from the larger
population
• The means of data collection of this research are
surveys – online survey, paper survey, mobile
survey and kiosk survey, interviews – face-to-face
and telephone, longitudinal studies, website
interceptors, online polls, and systematic
observation
 Mixed Method Theory
• it is methodology for conducting research that
involves collecting, analyzing and integrating
the quantitative and qualitative means of data
collection
• Triangulation - allows one to identify aspects
of phenomenon more accurately by
approaching it from different vantage points
using different methods and techniques.
 THE USE OF
QUALITATIVE,
QUANTITATIVE AND
MIXED METHOD
THEORIES IN
REVIEW OF
LITERATURE
 Qualitative Research
• 2 fundamental ideas in using qualitative
research in review of literature:
1. it should be used inductively
2. there is a variation in use of the
literature by design type
Creswell (2002), offer
placement locations, and
literature use in any or all of the
offered locations and these
placement locations are:
1. One can discuss the related literature in the
introduction of the study
2. Separate section.
3. Incorporate related literature in final section
 Quantitative Research
• quantitative research includes a substantial
amount of literature at the beginning of a study
to provide direction for the research questions or
hypotheses
• separate section is the common and popular way
of reviewing the literature
• the review of literature is in the beginning of a
study to introduce a problem or to describe in
detail the existing literature in a section entitled
“related literature” or “review of literature” or
something similar
Copper (1984) suggested 3
ways in presenting review of
literature in quantitative study
• Integrative – simply summaries of past research.
It is commonly used in dissertation proposal and
dissertation.
• Theoretical Review – which the researcher
focuses on extant theory that relates to the
problem that is being studied. This form,
accordingly, best demonstrated in journal articles
in which the author integrates the theory into the
introduction to the story.
• Methodological Review – the researcher
focuses on the methods and definitions. This
review provides an actual critique of strength
and weaknesses pf the method sections.
 Mixed Methods Study
• the researcher will either chose quantitative
or qualitative depending on the type of mixed
method design being used
• “In sequential design, the literature is
presented in each phase in a way consistent
with the type of design being used in that
phase” (Creswell, 2002).
“If the study begins with qualitative phase, then
the literature is less qualitative and the
researcher may incorporate it more into the end
of the study – an inductive approach to
literature study.
If the study begins with quantitative phase,
then the investigator is likely to include a
substantial literature review that helps to
establish a rational for research questions or
hypotheses” (Creswell, 2002).
Creswell (2002), suggested
ways in planning to use
literature in qualitative,
quantitative and mixed methods
study and the following are his
suggestions:
• In a qualitative study, use the literature sparingly
in the beginning of the plan in order to convey an
inductive design, unless the qualitative strategy-
type requires a substantial literature orientation
at the outset.
• Consider the most appropriate place for the
literature in a qualitative study and base the
decision on the audience for the project. Keep in
mind placing it at the beginning to “frame” the
problem, placing it in a separate section, and
using it at the end of a study to compare and
contrast with the findings of the current study.
• Use the literature in a quantitative study
deductively as a basis for advancing research
questions or hypotheses.
• Use the literature to introduce the study,
describe related literature in a separate
section, or compare extant literature with
findings in a quantitative study plan.
• If a separate “review of the literature” is use,
consider whether the review will consist of
integrative summaries, theoretical reviews, or
methodological reviews. A typical practice in
dissertation writing is to advance an
integrative review.
• In a mixed methods study, use the literature in
a way that is consistent with the major type of
strategy and the approach qualitative or
quantitative-that is most prevalent in the
design
 APA CITATION
• APA or American Psychological Association is a
style commonly used to cite sources within
social science.
 APSA CITATION
• American Political Science Association
• APSA style generally follows Chicago Manual of
Style’s author-date citation practice
• APSA relies on an author-date system, and
provides a pragmatic and simple way to reference
publications in a variety of formats. It
concentrates on formats important to political
science, with special attention given to
documents produced within the United States
government
 BOOK
• One Author
Hertsgaard, Mark. 1988. On Bended Knee: The Press and
the Reagan Presidency. New York: Schocken Books.
• Two Authors
Decker, Scott H., and Barrick Van Winkle. 1996. Life in the
Gang: Family, Friends, and Violence. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
• Chapter from book:
Wilson, Graham K. 1996. “The Clinton Administration and
Interest Groups.” In The Clinton Presidency: First
Appraisals, ed. Colin Campbell and Bert A.
Rockman.Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers.
• Journal article, two authors (print, microfilm,
PDF):
Herrmann, Richard K, and Jonathan W. Keller. 2004.
“Beliefs, Values, and Strategic Choice: U.S.
Leaders’ Decisions to Engage, Contain, and
Use Force in an Era of Globalization.” Journal
of Politics 66 (May): 557-80.
• Journal article, one author (from a library
subscription database):
Brzoska, Michael. 2003. “From Dumb to Smart?
Recent Reforms of U.N. Sanctions.” Global
Governance 9 (October-December): 519-535.
Academic Search Premier (September
27,2005).
• Newspaper article, one author (print, microfilm,
PDF):
Talev, Margaret. 2004. “No Budget Accord in Cards
This Week.” Sacramento Bee, 9 July.
• Newspaper article, no known author (print,
microfilm, PDF):
Sacramento Bee. 2004. “Eyes on Sudan: Victims of
Racist Repression Need Help Now.” 9 July.
• Newspaper article, one author (online version):
Frates, Chris. 2003. “High School Junior Suspended
after Posting Anti-war Fliers.” Denver Post,
February28.http://www.ccmep.org/2003_arti
cles/Iraq/022803_high_school_junior_suspen
ded _after.htm (September 27, 2005).
• Report from a private organization available on
organization Web site:
Burtless, Gary. 2004. “The Labor Force Status of
Mothers Who Are Most Likely to Receive
Welfare: Changes Following Reform.” The
Brookings Institution.
http://www.brookings.edu/views/oped/burtl
ess/20040330.htm (April 10, 2005).
• Executive Agency Government Documents (online
versions):
California Department of Education. Professional
Development and Curriculum Support Division.
2004. NCLB Teacher Requirements Resource Guide.
http://www.cde.ca.gov/nclb/sr/tq/documents/nclb
resourceguide.pdf (November 15, 2006).
• Bills Laws and Codes (online versions):
Children’s Health Act of 2000. 2000. United
States Public Laws. 106th Cong., 2nd
sess., P.L. 106-310. LexisNexis
Congressional (November 14, 2006).
• Laws and Codes(online versions):
California Legislature. Assembly. 2004.
Homeowner’s Insurance: Dog Breeds.
2003-2004 sess., A.B.
2399.http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/03-
04//bill/asm/ab_23512400/ab_2399_bill_200
40219_introduced.html (November 15,
2006).
• Legislative Reports (online versions):
California Legislature. Assembly. Committee on
Insurance. 2004. Homeowner’s Insurance:
Dog Breeds. 2003-2004 Sess., 5 May.
http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/03-
04//bill/asm/ab_23512400/ab_2399_cfa_200
40503_124551_asm_comm.html (November
15, 2006).
• Legislative Hearings -- Entire hearing document
cited (online version):
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and
Commerce. 2005. Protecting Property Rights
After Kelo. 109th Cong., 1st sess., 19 October.
LexisNexis Congressional (November
13,2006).
• Legislative Hearings -- Only one piece of testimony
cited (online versions):
Anderson, Steven D. 2005. “Review of Kelo v. New
London Court Case on Eminent Domain.” In
Protecting Property Rights After Kelo, U.S.
Congress. House. Committee on Energy and
Commerce. 109th Cong., 1st sess., 19 October.
LexisNexis Congressional (November 13,2006)
• Presidential and Gubernatorial Documents (online
versions):
Bush, George W. 2004. “Remarks to the American
Conservative Union 40th Anniversary Gala.” The
American Presidency Project. May 13.
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=62738
(November 14, 2006).
 Case Citations – Court Opinions:
• Online
Marbury v. Madison. 1803. 5 U.S. 137; 2 L. Ed.
60. LexisNexis Academic (November 15,
2006). Texas Beef Group v. Winfrey. 1998.
11 F.Supp. 2d 858. LexisNexis Academic
(November 15,2006).
• Print, PDF:
Marbury v. Madison. 1803. 5 U.S. (1 Cranch)
137; 2 L. Ed. 60.
WORKSHOP
MAKE A
LITERATURE
MAP 