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Vapor Power
Cycles
Idealized Ones
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POWER PLANT CYCLES
Thermodynamic cycle is a series of operations involving:-
A heat source,
A heat receiver,
A machine or utilizer b/n the source and
receiver,
Working substance.
Steam power plant
Fuel burning heat is released water steam
mechanical work electric energy produced.
Adiabatic Cyclic
ΔT ≠ 0 but Q = 0 If clockwise – heat engine
If counterclockwise – heat pump
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Ideal (Carnot) Cycle
• Carnot Theorem
– No engine operating between two heat
reservoirs can be more efficient than a Carnot
engine operating between those same reservoirs
Temperature-Entropy
Pressure-Volume
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PV vs TS diagrams
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1.1. The Carnot Cycle
• We have mentioned repeatedly that the Carnot cycle is the most efficient cycle
operating between two specified temperature limits.
• Consider a steady-flow Carnot • The fluid is heated reversibly and
cycle executed within the saturation isothermally in a boiler (process 1-
dome of a pure substance. 2), expanded isentropically in a
turbine (process 2-3), condensed
reversibly and isothermally in a
condenser (process 3-4), and
compressed isentropically by a
compressor to the initial state (process
4-1).
TH TL TL QL
carnot 1 1
TH TH QH
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1.1. The Carnot Cycle
Several impracticalities are associated with this cycle:
• constant pressure in the device automatically fixes the temperature at the saturation value. Therefore,
processes 1-2 and 3-4 can be approached closely in actual boilers and condensers.
Limiting the heat transfer processes to two-phase systems, severely limits the maximum
temperature that can be used in the cycle - maximum temperature has to remain under the
critical-point value.
The impingement of liquid droplets on the turbine blades causes erosion and is a major
source of wear.
This problem could be eliminated by using a working fluid with a very steep saturated
vapor line.
It is not easy to control the condensation process so precisely as to end up with desired
quality
Some of at state
these 4 and it could
problems is not be
practical to design
eliminated a compressor
by executing that will
the Carnot handle
cycle in a two
different
phases.
way as shown in the second. This cycle however, presents other problems such as
isentropic compression to extremely high pressure and isothermal heat transfer
at variable pressures.
Conclusion: Carnot cycle cannot be approximated in actual devices and is not a realistic
model for vapor power cycles.
w pump,in v( P2 P1 )
where h1 h f @ P1 and v v1 v f @ P1
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Energy Analysis of the Rankine Cycle
Boiler ( w 0) : qin h3 h2
Turbine (q 0) : wturb,out h3 h4
Condenser ( w 0) : qout h4 h1
The thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle is
wn et qo u t
th 1
qin qin
where wn et qin qo u t wtu rb,o u t wp u mp,in
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Solution 1.1
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Example 1.2
• Steam at 40 bar; 500 °C flowing at the rate of 5500 kg/hr
expands in a h.p. turbine to 2 bar with an isentropic
efficiency of 83 %. A continuous supply of steam at 2 bar,
0.87 quality and a flow rate of 2700 kg/h is available from
a geothermal energy source. This steam is mixed
adiabatically with the h.p. turbine exhaust Steam and the
combined flow then expands in a L.P turbine to 0.1 bar
with an isentropic efficiency of 78 %. Determine the power
output and the thermal efficiency of the plant. Assume that
5500 kg/h of steam is generated in the boiler at 40 bar, 500
°C from the saturated feed water at 0.1 bar.
• Had the geothermal steam not been added, what would
have been the power output and efficiency of the plant?
Neglect pump work
0.33
𝜇𝐴𝑢𝑥𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 = = 0.9268
0.97×0.95×0.92×0.42
1 − 0.9268 = 0.0732
or 7 .32 % of total electricity generated is consumed by
the auxiliaries.
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Example 1.4
• A steady-flow Carnot cycle uses water as the working fluid.
Water changes from saturated liquid to saturated vapor as
heat is transferred to it from a source at 250°C. Heat rejection
takes place at a pressure of 20 kPa.
(c) the amount of heat rejected, in kJ/kg, and (c) the net work
output.
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Solution 1.4
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Example 1.5
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Solution 1.5
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Solution 1.5
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Solution 1.5
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Solution 1.5
Of particular importance are the irreversibilities occurring within the pump and
the turbine.
A pump requires a greater work input, and a turbine produces a smaller work
output as a result of irreversibilities.
Under ideal conditions, the flow through these devices is isentropic.
Internal irreversibility of Rankine cycle is caused by fluid friction, throttling
and mixing.
As the flow rates in the steam turbine as well as in the pumps are large, and the
expansion and compression processes are quite rapid, the heat loss per unit
mass may be considered negligible.
Though the assumption of adiabatic flow in them is still valid, due to fluid
friction the expansion and compression processes are not reversible
and entropy of the fluid in both increases.
The internal or isentropic efficiency (ɳT) of the turbine is given by
ws h h1
P 2s
wa h2 a h1
wa h h4 a
T 3
ws h3 h4 s
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Example 1.2
• A steam power plant operates on the cycle shown in Fig.
below. If the isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 87 percent
and the isentropic efficiency of the pump is 85 percent,
determine (a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle and (b) the
net power output of the plant for a mass flow rate of 15 kg/s .
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How can we increase the efficiency of the Rankine Cycle?
•The basic idea behind all the modifications to increase the thermal
efficiency of a power cycle is the same:
Increase the average temperature at which heat is transferred to the
working fluid in the boiler, or
decrease the average temperature at which heat is rejected from the
working fluid in the condenser.
Lowering the condenser pressure
Superheating the steam to high temperatures
Increasing the boiler pressure