Islamic University of Gaza

Managerial Accounting
Chapter 1
Dr. Hisham Madi

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 What Is Managerial Accounting?

Managerial accounting is a field of accounting that

provides economic and financial information for managers
and other internal users.

Managerial accounting applies to all types of businesses.

 Corporations  Partnerships

 Proprietorships  Not-for-profit

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 Why Accounting is Essential for Decision
Makers and Managers
 Managerial accounting adds value to the organization by
helping managers do their jobs more efficiently and
effectively.

 Accounting information is used in decision making.

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 MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING vs. FINANCIAL
ACCOUNTING

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 The Manager’s Role

Management Functions

Planning Directing Controlling

 Maximize short-term  Coordinate diverse  Keeping activities on

profit and market activities and human track.
share. resources.  Determine whether
 Commit to  Implement planned goals are met.
environmental objectives.  Decide changes
protection and social  Provide incentives to needed to get back
programs. motivate employees on track.
 Add value to the  Hire and train  May use an informal
business. employees. or formal system of
 Produce smooth- evaluations.
running operation.
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 Managerial Accounting Basics

Organizational Structure
Organization charts show the
interrelationships of activities
and the delegation of authority
and responsibility within the
company.

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 Managerial Accounting Basics

 Stockholders own the corporation, but they manage it

indirectly through a board of directors they elect.

 The board formulates the operating policies for the

company or organization.

 The chief executive officer (CEO)has overall

responsibility for managing the business.

 the CEO delegates responsibilities to other officers

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 Managerial Accounting Basics

 Responsibilities within the company are frequently

classified as either line or staff positions.
 Employees with line positions are directly involved in the
company’s primary revenue-generating operating
activities.
 Examples of line positions include the vice president of
operations, vice president of marketing, plant managers,
supervisors, and production personnel.
 Employees with staff positions are involved in activities
that support the efforts of the line employees.
 employees in finance, legal, and human resources have
staff positions
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 Managerial Accounting Basics

 The chief financial officer (CFO)is responsible for all of

the accounting and finance issues the company faces.
 The CFO is supported by the controller and the
treasurer

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 Business Ethics

 All employees are expected to act ethically.

 Many organizations have codes of business ethics.

 Past financial frauds:

► Enron,

► Global Crossing,

► WorldCom

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 Business Ethics
Creating Proper Incentives
 Systems and controls sometimes create incentives
for managers to take unethical actions.

 the budget is also used as an evaluation tool,

some managers try to “game’’ the budgeting
process by underestimating their division’s
predicted performance so that it will be easier to
meet their performance targets

 Controls need to be effective and realistic.

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 Business Ethics
Code of Ethical Standards
Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX)

 Clarifies management’s responsibilities.

 Requires certifications by CEO and CFO.

 Selection criteria for Board of Directors and Audit

Committee.

 Substantially increased penalties for misconduct.

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 Manufacturing Costs

Managers should ask questions such as the following.

1. What costs are involved in making a product or

providing a service?

2. If we decrease production volume, will costs decrease?

3. What impact will automation have on total costs?

4. How can we best control costs?

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 Manufacturing Costs

Manufacturing Costs
Manufacturing consists of activities and processes that
convert raw materials into finished goods.

Merchandising, which sells merchandise in the form in

which it is purchased

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 Manufacturing Costs

Direct Materials
Raw Materials

Basic materials and parts used in

manufacturing process.

Direct Materials

Raw materials that can be physically and directly associated

with the finished product during the manufacturing process.
Examples include flour in the baking of bread, syrup in the
bottling of soft drinks, and steel in the making of automobiles
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 Manufacturing Costs

Direct Materials
Indirect Materials

 Not physically part of the finished product or they are

an insignificant part of finished product in terms of
cost, because their physical association with the
finished product is too small in terms of cost

 Considered part of manufacturing overhead.

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 Manufacturing Costs

Direct Labor
Work of factory employees that can be
physically and directly associated with
converting raw materials into finished goods.
Bottlers at Coca-Cola, and bakers at Sara
Lee, are employees whose activities are
usually classified as direct labor
Indirect Labor
Work of factory employees that has no physical
association with the finished product or for which it is
impractical to trace costs to the goods produced.
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 Manufacturing Costs

Indirect Labor
Work of factory employees that has no physical
association with the finished product or for which it is
impractical to trace costs to the goods produced.
Examples include wages of factory maintenance people,
factory time-keepers, and factory supervisors.
Like indirect materials, companies classify indirect labor
as manufacturing overhead

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 Manufacturing Costs

Manufacturing Overhead
 Costs that are indirectly associated with manufacturing
the finished product.

 Includes all manufacturing costs except direct materials

and direct labor.

 Also called factory overhead, indirect manufacturing

costs, or burden.

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 Manufacturing Costs

 Allocating direct materials and direct labor costs to

specific products is fairly
 straightforward. Good recordkeeping can tell a company
how much plastic it used in making each type of gear, or
how many hours of factory labor it took to assemble a
part.
 But allocating overhead costs to specific products
presents problems. How much of the purchasing agent’s
salary is attributable to the hundreds of different products
made in the same plant?

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 Product Versus Period Costs

Product Costs
 Direct materials
 Components:  Direct labor
 Manufacturing overhead

 Costs that are an integral part of producing the

finished product.

 Recorded in “inventory” account.

 Not an expense (COGS) until the goods are sold.

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 Product Versus Period Costs

Period Costs
 Charged to expense as incurred.

 are costs that are matched with the revenue of a

specific time period rather than included as part of
the cost of a salable product.

 Non-manufacturing costs.

 Includes all selling and administrative expenses.

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 Product Versus Period Costs

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 A bicycle company has these costs: tires, salaries of employees
who put tires on the wheels, factory building depreciation, wheel
nuts, spokes, salary of factory manager, handlebars, and salaries
of factory maintenance employees. Classify each cost as direct
materials, direct labor, or overhead.

Direct Materials Direct Labor Overhead

 Tires.  Salaries of  Factory depreciation.

 Spokes. employees who put  Factory manager
tires on the wheels. salary.
 Handlebars.
 Factory maintenance
employees salary.
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 Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements

Income Statement
Under a periodic inventory system, the income statements
of a merchandiser and a manufacturer differ in the cost of
goods sold section.

“COGS”
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 Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements

Cost of Goods Manufactured

Cost of Goods Sold Components – (Periodic Inventory System)

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 Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements

Cost of goods sold sections of merchandising and

manufacturing income statements

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 Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements

Determining the Cost of Goods Manufactured

Total Work in Process – (1) cost of beginning work in process and (2)
total manufacturing costs for the current period.
Total Manufacturing Costs – sum of direct material costs, direct labor
costs, and manufacturing overhead in the current year.

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 Illustration 1-8

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 Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements

Balance Sheet
Inventory accounts for a manufacturer

The balance sheet for a merchandising company shows just one

category of inventory.

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 Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements

Balance Sheet
Current assets sections of merchandising and manufacturing balance
sheets

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 Managerial Accounting Today

Focus on the Value Chain

Refers to all business process associated with providing a
product or service.
For a manufacturing firm these include the following:

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 Managerial Accounting Today

Just-In-Time Inventory Methods

 Inventory system in which goods are manufactured or
purchased just in time for sale.

Total Quality Management (TQM)

 Reduce defects in finished products, with the goal of
zero defects.

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 Managerial Accounting Today

Theory of Constraints
 Constraints (“bottlenecks” ) limit the company’s potential
profitability.
 A specific approach to identify and manage these
constraints in order to achieve company goals.

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

 Software programs designed to manage all major
business processes.

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 Managerial Accounting Today

Activity-Based Costing (ABC)

 Allocates overhead based on use of activities.
 Results in more accurate product costing and scrutiny of
all activities in the value chain.

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 Managerial Accounting Today

Balanced Scorecard
 Evaluates operations in an integrated fashion.
 Uses both financial and non-financial measures.
 Links performance to overall company objectives.

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