R1.

3
1.3
RESP1.3 RESPONSE
RESPONSE OF CIVIL
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ENGIONEEONSE
PROJECT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT
MASONRY
BY :
NOR AZAH BINTI AZIZ
 Learning Outcomes
Identify and describe material response of
modes primary failure due to:

iii) Masonry
a. Structure failure
• Sliding
• Diagonal
• Compression and
• Shear
b. Performance failure
• Bedding joint
MASONRY
 Masonry
• Masonry is the building of structures from
individual units laid in and bound together by
mortar.

• Mortar - A mortar is made by mixing cement,

water, air, and fine aggregates.

• The common materials of masonry construction

are brick, stone, glass brick or concrete block
 Masonry
• Masonry is generally a highly durable form of
construction.

• Materials used, the quality of the mortar and

workmanship, and the pattern in which the units
are assembled can strongly affect the durability of
the overall masonry construction.

• Masonry is commonly used for the walls of

buildings, retaining walls and monuments.
Types of Masonry

(CBPI Masonry Teaching Package April 2000 [online])

Masonry Structure failure

i. Sliding
ii. Diagonal
iii. Compression
iv. Shear
 Masonry Structure failure

• Masonry boasts an impressive compressive

strength (vertical loads) but is much lower in
tensile strength (twisting or stretching.

• The tensile strength of masonry walls can be

strengthened by thickening the wall, or by
building masonry piers (vertical columns or ribs)
at intervals.
 Masonry Structure Failure

TENSILE STRESS:
The type that tends to stretch a material,
as though the forces were attempting to pull the
molecules of the material apart.

COMPRESSIVE STRESS:
The type that tends to compress,
or press together, or crush the molecules
of the material.
Masonry Structure Failure

SHEAR STRESS:
The type that tends to slide or twist the
molecules of the material apart.

The numerical value of stress equals the

amount of force divided by the cross section
area of the member that is subject to force.
 Failure Modes
• Shear
• Sliding shear
• Bending
Shear
 Shear

In concrete or masonry structures, shear is resisted as diagonal tension.

 Examples
• Wall Failure
Shear Failure
Bending
 The main forms of masonry failure in plane stress state.
(a) Partition into columns. (b) Partition into layers of one or several masonry rows.
(c) Splitting parallel to the external surfaces of the masonry.
(d) Break along a bed joint. (e) Break along a tooting crack.
(f) Vertical break through masonry elements. (g) Splitting along a stepped crack with shear along the bed.
(h) Shear along the bed. (i) Splitting along an inclined crack.
Masonry Performance Failure

Bedding Joint
The method of laying masonry units in a wall in a regular pattern for
strength & generally in such a way that there are no continuous
vertical joints (perpendiculars) in successive courses.

(CBPI Masonry Teaching Package April 2000 [online])

 Masonry Performance Failure

• Normally structure failure for masonry structure

occurs at bedding joint area.
• Bedding joint is the weakness point in masonry
structure.
• Quality of the mortar and workmanship for
bedding joint strongly affect the durability of the
overall masonry construction.
 R1.3
1.3
RESP1.3 RESPONSE
RESPONSE OF CIVIL
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ENGIONEEONSE
PROJECT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT
TIMBER
BY :
NOR AZAH BINTI AZIZ
 Learning Outcomes

Identify and describe material response of modes

primary failure due to:

iv) Timber
a) Structure failure
● Compressive
● Tensile
● Shear
b) Performance failure
● Decay/Rotting
TIMBER
 TIMBER
• One of the earliest materials to be used in
building.
• Still continues to play a major part in general
building, particularly in furniture industry.
• Building parts such as Window Frame, Door
Frame, Trusses, Wall Panel, Flooring etc using
timber still in used.
 ADVANTAGE
o simplicity in fabrication
o lightness
o reusability
o insulation from heat. sound & electricity
o aesthetically pleasing appearance
o resistance to oxidation, acid attack & salt attack
and salt water
 DISADVANTAGE OF TIMBER

• The material may be very variable due to

natural defect.
• Possible distortion when its moisture content
changes.
• Fungal and insect attack
• Not good as fire resistant
• Easy to creep under load
Timber Structure Failure

i. Compressive
ii. Tensile
iii. Shear
 Bending failure in compression
• Only likely for very high grade material
• Benign failure mode
 Bending failure in tension
• Most likely failure mode
• Brittle
• Combination of tension and shear, although
tension fracture is the initiating mode
 Shear failures

• One of the very weak properties of wood

• Shrinkage cracks often occur at the ends of beams in
the zone of maximum shear stress
This part of the

 Direct compression load transferred in

direct
transfer of loads in the compression

end zones reduces the

total shear force to be
carried.
45o

critical
section
 Timber Performance Failure

 Decay/Rotting

• Whereas weathering is degradation of the wood

surface, decay (also called rot) affects the full volume
of wood.

• Decay is degradation caused by a variety of decay

fungi that are capable of breaking down the structural
components of wood for food.
 Timber Performance Failure

 Decay/Rotting

• The fungi tunnel throughout the full volume of the

wood, degrading the polymers that form the wood
cells through a complicated biochemical process.
Since these polymers give wood its strength,
considerable loss of strength occurs long before
visible damage is apparent. Wood decay fungi must
have adequate moisture to grow.
Decay