PART

ONE :01
 Gerund
Gerund is a noun, and this is
“ing” form of verb.
Using mobile is bad habit.
Physical exercising is good
for health.
 RULES OF USING GERUND
1. Gerund can be used as the
object of prepositional phrase.
He is going to home for eating
dinner.
You can get the good grades by
working hard.
2. The preposition “by”
followed a gerund is often used
to express how a thing is done.
They will win the match by
practicing.
you can become big business
man by improving weaknesses
which are barriers.
3. The word “go” is followed by
a gerund.

They go visiting at Ranikot.

People almost go drinking at club.
We go learning in institutions.
4. “How about” or “what about”
is followed by gerund
What about playing tent-paging?
What about going to Bhitt Shah?
How about eating briyani today?
How about having drink at night
on Monday?
5. It is no use+ gerund.

It is no use playing with friends

at the time of study.
It is no use fighting with friend
at the time of playing.
It is no use speaking at the
time of eating.
6. I have (difficulty, hard time,
problem) + gerund.
She has difficulty completing
her homework.
He has problem working with his
manager.
I have hard time spending with
her.
7. It is worthy + gerund.
(we may also use another subject and
to be verb + worthy and then gerund)

It is worthy working with them.

This magazine is worthy reading.
My friends are worthy speaking.
8. S(thing) + need + gerund.
[S= something (but not person)]

My computer needs cleaning

today.
Your bike needs preparing.
This building needs repairing.
9. We also use in clause after the
following words (sense verbs) see,
hear, watch, listen, etc.

I heard you singing a song.

He listened me whispering.
 GERUND
HAS BEEN
COMPLETED
 PART
TWO :02
 Infinitive
An infinitive is a verb consisting
of word “TO” + verb. It may
function as noun, object, adverb.
To exercise is good for health.
( Subject)
He wants to play cricket.(Object)
you must play to exercise(Adverb)
1. “It” is often used to start an
infinitive sentence.(it= infinitive.)

To play a tent-pegging game is

too difficult.
To write an essay is very easy.
To make PPT is not too
difficult.
2. Infinitives can be used after
adjectives to express feelings. These
adjectives are: afraid, glad, pleased,
surprised, shocked, happy, anxious,
sad, sorry, and delighted.(searched
from OALD)

I am glad to see you.

He is happy to see his father.
3. Subject +be verb +too
+adjective +(for +person) +
infinitive.
This game is too hard to play.
The tea is too hard to drink.
You are too weak too run.
This book is too difficult to read.
4. Subject +be verb +adjective
+enough +infinitive
She is not beautiful enough to see.
John is tall enough to ride a bike.
Rashid is old enough to play any
game.
5. Sometimes "to" function like
a preposition ;therefore, it has
to be followed by gerund.
He wants to playing golf with
them.
John likes to eating bananas every
day.
Michael writes an essay to
improving his writing skill.
 INFINITIVE
HAS BEEN
COMPLETED
PART
THREE: 03
 Causative
1. Have: means to give someone
responsibility to do something .there
are two basic structures that are
given below:
have +person +verb.
Have +thing +verb.
I had my fridge repaired this evening
I had a mechanic repaired my fridge.
2. GET: it has the same function as
like HAVE there are two basic
structures that are given below:
a) GET +person +to verb.
B) GET +thing +participle.

Aijaz get Ali to play.

Aslam get football to play with
his friends.
3. MAKE: to force someone to do
something.
“Make” is followed by infinitive.

She was made to pay the bill.

They were made to play the
basketball even though they
want to play foot ball.
4. Let: allow someone to do
something. There is only active form
the structure is given below:
LET +person +verb +word.

Let me give your bike for riding.

Will you let me use your laptop.
CAUSATIVE
HAS BEEN
COMPLETED
BY: KASHIF KHAN LEGAHRI