Prepared by:

Joan Pulido
 Social organization
and political stuctures
Prepared by:
Joan Pulido
 Content:
oDifferent types or categories of societies

oRelationship of the different types of societies to their

social organization
1. Band
2. Tribe
3. Chiefdom
4. State
The tiniest societies, consisting typically of 50-80
people
Most or all of them are close relatives by birth or by
marriage.
An extended family or several related extended families.
No single permanent base of residence.
Band’s land is used jointly by the whole group,
instead of partitioned among individuals/subgroups.

No economic specialization except by age and sex: all

able-bodied individuals forage for food.

No formal institutions (laws, police, treaties) to

resolve conflicts within/between the bands.
Band organization is egalitarian: no social
stratification; no hereditary leadership; no
monopolies of information and decision making
Band leadership is informal and acquired through
qualities such as personality, strength, intelligence, and
fighting skills
Bad numbers of band are kept low by diseases, lack
or raw materials, and limited amountof foods.
Larger societies typically with hundreds of people and
usually have fixed settlements in an area.
Began to emerge around 13, 000 years ago in the Fertile
Crescent and later in some areas.
Have inherent kinship group called clans, which exchange
marriage partners.
Land belongs to the clan and not to the tribe
In tribe, people know each other by name
Have larger population than tribes ranging from several
thousands to several tens of thousands of people.
Vast majority of people in this group were neither closely
related by blood or marriage or known by name.
Rise around 7,500 years ago and existed until 19th
century
People learn, for the first time in history, how to
encounter strangers regularly without attempting to kil
them
Chief- a person who exercise a monopoly on the
right to use force/power
Held a permanent centralized office, filled with
hereditary right
Has a permanent centralized authority
Made all significant decisions
Could be recognized from afar by visible
distinguishing features
Commoners encountering a chief was obliged to perform
ritual marks for respect
Chief orders were transmitted through one or two levels of
bureaucrats(low-ranked chiefs)
Existence of chiefdoms began the division of the society
into hereditary chief and commoners
In chiefdoms, only the chief, his sons, the sons of his sons,
and so forth can only claim the position of being the chief
A group of people who can perpetuate themselves, living in
a definitive territory, with a government of its own and
exercising sovereignity.
4 Elements of states
1. People
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty
 1. Waves of Migration

a. The Negritos (Atis/Aetas)

• The first people came to the Philippines by land bridges
from mainland Asia about 25,000 years ago.
• Very small people, have black skin, short, kinky hair, thick
lips, and black noses.
• Negritos spread theirselves in the Philippines. Some are
found in Cagayan valley, Isabela, and Nueva Vizcaya.
• They speak around 30 languages and most are endangered:
• Ayta (Pampanga, Aurora Province, Nueva Ecija)
• Agta (Cagayan, Isabela, Quirino Province)
• Inata (Negros)
• Inatik (Panay)
b. THE INDONESIANS
First immigrants to come by sea to the Philippines about
5000 years ago from South Asia.
They lived in the lowlands and they are more advanced
than the Negritos.
Today, the Indonesian minority tribes are found in some
interior parts of our community. They are:
• Apayaos Kalingas Manobos Tirurays
• Gaddangs Mandyas Sabunans Ibanags
Linguistic evidence connects Tagalog with Bahasa
Indonesia as having common roots, so the main root of the
modern Filipino languages probably came with these
people.
Both Tagalog and Indonesian languages are classified
Malayo-Polynesian languages (subgroup of Austronesian
languages)
Have some similar words: (Bahasa to Tagalog)
Aku-ako Pintu-pinto Takut-takot Arak-alak
c. THE MALAYS
Came after the Indonesians by boat from Southeast Asia
about 2000 years ago.
They were medium in height, brown-skinned with dark
eyes, flat nose, and straight black hair.
They drove Indonesians to the forest and lived in the
lowlands. More civilized than the Indonesians.
Had government, writing, music, arts, and sciences.
• Tagalog as an Austronesian language is closely related to
Malay dialects in Singapore, Brunei, and Indonesia.
• Cognates words between Tagalog and Malay:

Sandar- sandal Kanan-kanan Kuching- kusing

Buka-buka Bangsa-bansa Koneksyen- koneksyon
Kambing-kambing Libu-ribu anim- enam
Bagyo- vayu
balita-varta
diwata-devata
Palibhasa-paribhasa
 2. Core Population
A theory which believes that the early Filipinos came from
the settlers within the islands, not from outsides, and in
fact, our ancestors migrated outside to nearby islands.
TABON MAN
First man in the Philippines lived in caves at Tabon, Palawan
about 25,000 years ago.
Belong to stone age culture because of using stone tools and
weapons.
Short with bushy eyebrows and a low forehead.
C. Legends and Fairy Tales
Imaginary stories told by old folks to little children to keep
them interested in their past.
a. The story of Malakas and Maganda
b. The story of the brown people
• Negritos/ Aeta, proto-Malay, and Malay peoples from Asian
continent were the principal peoples of the Philippine
archipelago in prehistoric and ancient times who migrated
by land bridges, and later, by water.
• All these immigrants have made their own significant
contributions to the birth of all the dialects spoken in every
province of the Philippines, including the soon to become
popular Tagalog language.
• Tagalog was derived from the words “taga-ilog”, which
means “from the river” or “river dweller”, and came from
Sanskrit.
• It is an Austronesian language used by the Malayo-
Polynesian race or a language developed by Sanskrit gurus
who were long time settlers of the Philippines.
 Arabs and CHINESE FACTORS

• Those immigrants trade with each other and to other

nations that uses various languages which includes the
Arabs and the Chinese.
• In 14th century, the spread of Islam religion was brought
to the Philippines which could contributed new words
and concepts to the existing languages. These traders
came from Indonesian islands.
 Arabs and CHINESE FACTORS

• The languages of the Philippines were heavily influenced

by Chinese.
• Of 30,000 Tagalog rootwords:
• 10, 000 from Spanish 300 from Tamil/Sanskrit
• 3,000 from Malay 200 from arabic
• 2,000 From English
• 200 from Chinese
Spanish Factor (1565-1898)
• Introduced Catholicism, which played an important role in
revolutionizing the Tagalog language.
• Instruction in religion, and even in understanding laws and
ordinances that were coming from Spain was all spoken in Tagalog
language by the friars. Spanish language was not taught to
Filipinos.
• This time Tagalog was not really set up as the national language.
• Doctrina Christiana, a Catholic literary book and the 1st ever book
printed in the Philippines that has both Tagalog and Spanish
versions.
Spanish Factor (1565-1898)
• Tagalog’s system of writing has also changed, from the
ancient alphabet to the use of Roman alphabet.
• Spanish loan words also comprised the entirety of the
language, making up around 15% of the total Tagalog words.
• Adoption of the Spanish number system in many settings,
especially when dealing with money, and adoption of
Spanish household and religious words. Some examples of
borrowed words are the Spanish words for fork, spoon, knife,
table, God, holy spirit, Jesus Christ, and blessing.
Spanish Factor (1565-1898)

• Some examples of borrowed words are the Spanish words

for fork, spoon, knife, table, God, holy spirit, Jesus Christ,
and blessing.
• Another: edukasyon (education), tsinelas (slippers), silya
(chair), kamusta (how are you), sabon (soap)
 American Factor
• Americans came before the turn of the 19th century
and their English language has continued its
domination over the entire country next to Tagalog.
• The Americans began English as the official language of
the Philippines.
• When Taft’s commission asked the native people what
language they wanted, they asked for English.
• English began to be taught in the schools to all
 American Factor

• For many years, the people of the Philippines were

satisfied to simply learn English and adapt to the new
system. Few native speakers of Spanish were
vanishing.
• Second language of Filipinos, and is learned as early as
4 years old with many private institutions choosing it
as their medium of teaching (Taglish dialect)
 American Factor
• Several English words have found their way into
Tagalog and other Filipino languages, and are simply
conjugated and adjusted to fit the conventions of the
languages into which they are adapted.
• Ex: "transfer" is used in some languages to mean
"move" (as in "magtransfer kami sa Maynila"–"we are
moving to Manila") and the "adjust" used with the
same meaning (as in "maaram ko mag-adjust"–"I know
how to adjust").
 Japan Factor
• During World War II, Japan occupied the Philippines
for three years.
• English was still the official language of the
Philippines, however, Japanese certainly influenced
the various dialects during this time as well.
• The languages of the Philippines continue to borrow words from one
another. Since the languages come from a common root anyway, it is often
hard to distinguish which words are simply descended from the same roots
and which have been borrowed later from another Filipino language.
• Over the course of its development, Tagalog (and
other languages of the Philippines) have been
influenced by Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, English,
and many other languages, in trade and in
occupations by various countries. They have taken
and adapted words from all of these languages to
make them part of their own languages. They have,
however, still maintained their own languages, and
maintained separations from one language to
another.
• Tagalog (and other languages of the Philippines) have
been influenced by Chinese, Japanese, Spanish,
English, and many other languages, in trade and in
occupations by various countries. They have taken
and adapted words from all of these languages to
make them part of their own languages. They have,
however, still maintained their own languages, and
maintained separations from one language to
another.