AGR 358

ESTATE LAND SURVEY

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
 Objectives

1. The measurement of areas

2. The making of plans in connections with legal
documents (including land transfer)
3. The making of plans in connections with the
works of the civil engineer, architect, builder,
structural engineer and town planner
4. Laying out contour and terrace lines for soil
conservation, drainage lines, profile lines for
land leveling and ditch lines for irrigation.
5. Computing field and farm areas and laying
out farm buildings and roads.
 Definition

Science
[Measurement science]

Art
[Cartography] Technology

Relative
position
of points
NHW
 Definition

Science, art and technology of making

measurement on the relative position of
the natural and man made features on
the earth surface and presentation of
this information either graphically or
numerically.
  Types of Survey
i. Plane Survey

- The earth’s surface is considered as a plane.

- The curvature of the earth is not taken into account, as
the surveys extend only to small areas.
- The line joining any two points as a straight line, and all
angles are plane angles.
- Surveys normally carried out for the location and
construction of roads, canals, and building.
Road and Area Map Using Plane Survey
ii. Geodetic Survey

 It is also called trigonometrical surveying.

 To determine the precise positions on the surface
of the earth of a system of widely distant points
and the dimensions of areas.
 The curvature of the earth is taken into account,
since large distances and areas are covered.
 Artificial earth satellites have come into wide use
in this survey.
Survey of Countries are Geodetic Survey
 Branches of Surveying
Surveys are often classified by purpose as follows :-
 Engineering Survey
 Topographic Survey
 Cadastral survey
 Hydrographic Survey
 Astronomy
 Global Positioning System
 Photogrammetry survey
 Remote Sensing
 Geological survey
Engineering Survey

 Basic requirements before any design and engineering

works begins.(Architects and Engineers).
 Especially for the design and construction of new
routes, e.g, roads and highway.
 It is often required to calculate the areas and volumes
of land and data for setting out curves for route
alignment.
Cadastral Survey
 These are surveys undertaken to define and record
the boundary of properties, legislative area and even
countries.
 Survey for land administration.
 For the issue of land titles that includes strata and
stratum titles.

Topographic Survey
 Measuring the relief, roughness, or 3-D earth's surface.
 Locations of man-made and natural features.
 Entire information is plotted, called topographic maps
Hydrographic Survey
 These are undertaken to gather information in the
marine environment such as mapping out the coast
lines and sea bed in order to produce navigational
charts.
 It is also used for off shore oil exploration and
production, design, construction and maintenance of
harbours, inland water routes, river and sea defence,
pollution control and ocean studies.
 Basic Principles of Land Surveying
i. “From whole to part”- the measurement will start from
the large framework by the very high exact and latter on
comes by detail and low exact.
ii. Choosing the surveying methods.
iii. Checking accuracy and precision of work.
 The Process of Surveying

 “Taking a general view”

To obtain an overall picture of what is
required before measurements.
The Process of Surveying (cont’d)

 “Observation and Measurement”

To determine the relative position and sizes of
artificial and natural features.
The Process of Surveying (cont’d)
 “Presentation of data”
Data presented in a form which allows the
information to be clearly interpreted and
understood by others.
Continued…

 A plan shows all details reduced proportionally

and is used mostly for development purposes.
Continued…

 A map is drawn to a
much smaller scale
at which it is
impossible to show
all detail clearly at
the same scale.
 The Parts of a Map: Map Elements
Neat line Title Border
portion of the map that displays
the data layers. This section is gives the viewer a succinct
the most important and central description of the subject matter of
focus of the map document. the map.
Figure
Scale
explains the relationship of the
data frame extent to the real constitutes the metadata of the
world. a ratio. shown either as a map. explanatory data about
unit to unit or as one the data sources and currency,
measurement to another projection information and any
measurement. Maps that are not caveats are placed. Citations
North Arrow to scale - "Not to scale." help the viewer determine the
use of the map for their own
Purpose is for orientation. Legend purposes.
This allows the viewer to
determine the direction of the decoder for the
the map as it relates to due symbology in the data Citations
north. allows the viewer to frame. known as the key.
know which direction the
data 11/16/2018
is oriented.
 Land Survey Equipments
Land Survey Equipments (cont’d)
 Points Positioning
Coordinate systems
i. Geographic Coordinate system
 A coordinate system that enables every location
on the Earth to be specified by a set of numbers.
 The coordinates are often chosen such that one of
the numbers represent vertical position, and two or
three of the numbers represent
horizontal position.
 A common choice of coordinates
is latitude, longitude and elevation.
Geographic Coordinate System
Geographic Coordinate System
ii. Plane Coordinate System
(Cartesian)
Plane Coordinate System
(National level)
i. Rectified Skew Orthomophic (RSO)
origin – Kertau 1968 and Timbalai 1948
 Plane Coordinate System
ii. Cassini Soldner
origin – every state
 MEASUREMENTS

 The application of a device or apparatus for the

purpose of ascertaining an unknown quantity.

 An observation made to determine an unknown

quantity.
Characteristics of Measurements:

 No measurements are exact.

 A measurement is always subject to error.

Kinds of Measurements:
 Direct – use instruments
 Indirect – by calculations
Measurements
Measurements
 SCALE
 Scale represents the amount of reduction
compared to the distances represented on
the earth's surface. Without a scale, a map is
not a map, it is a diagram.
 The scale of a map is usually represented in
one of three ways:
 Representative Fraction (RF)
 Word Scale
 Graphic Scale
Representative Fraction (RF)

 To display a scale as a representative fraction, identical

units must be used.
 A RF scale of 1:24000 means:
 One inch on the map equals 24000 inches on the
ground, OR
 One centimeter on the map equals 24000 centimeters
on the ground.
Word Scale

 A word scale equates units measured on the

map with some larger unit of measure on the
ground.
 “One Inch to Five Miles” or
 “One Centimeter to Three Kilometers”
 Easier to perceive than the RF scale
 Harder to convert units of measure
Graphic Scale

400 miles
Scale bar
Conversion between a statement and
a representative fraction

 You must get each side of the scale into

same units, for example:
Convert 1 cm to 1 km into RF
1 km = 1000m = 100,000 cm
RF = 1:100,000

 Convert 1:250,000
1 cm to 250,000 cm = 2500m = 2.5 km
Scale is 1 cm to 2.5 km
Example 1

Change the scale below to representative

fraction.

i. 1 m equal to 1 km
ii. 1 in equal to 3 feet
iii. 1 mm equal to 1 km
General scale categories

 Large > 1:70,000

 Medium = 70,000 to 400,000
 Small < 1:400,000
Example 2

The size of a share farm measured on a

map is 60 000mm2 . If the actual area of
the farm is 5 hectares, what is the scale
of the map?
Example 3
1. The area of the proposed playground is
5.843 hectares, calculate the scale of the
plan if the plan covers 24 500mm2 on
paper.

2. If the size of football field on the scaled plan

1:800 is 14cm by 16cm. Calculate the
actual area of the football field in meter
square and hectares?
 PRECISION VERSUS ACCURACY

The objective of the surveyor is to make

measurements that are both precise and
accurate.

 Precision refers to the degree of consistency

between measurements and is based on the
size of the discrepancies in a data set.
 Accuracy is a measure of the absolute
nearness of the measured quantity to its true
value.
 ERRORS : Definition

 An error is a difference from a true value caused by the

imperfection of a person’s senses, equipment, or weather
effects.

 Errors cannot be eliminated but can be minimized by

careful work, combined with the application of certain
numerical corrections.
 MISTAKE : Definition
 A mistake (blunder) is a difference from a true value
caused by the inattention of the surveyor.
 For example, misreading (6 or 9), misrecording (6 or 8),
miscalculate or erroneous in booking.
 This carelessness can be eliminated by careful
checking
Sources of Errors:
Instrumental errors
 Caused by imperfections in instrument
construction or adjustment.
Natural errors
 Caused by changing conditions in the
surrounding environment.
Personal errors
 Caused by limitations in human senses and
manual dexterity.