Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
• Wind turbines, also known as wind mills, use the wind as
their motive force. A wind turbine looks nothing like a
steam turbine or a water turbine because wind is slow
moving and very light, but again, the principle is the
same.
2
KOMPONEN UTAMA
DAN PRINSIP KERJA TURBIN GAS
3
COMPRESSOR
In this engine, air is sucked in from the right by the compressor.
The compressor is basically a cone-shaped cylinder with small fan
blades attached in rows (eight rows of blades are represented
here).
Assuming the light blue represents air at normal air pressure,
then as the air is forced through the compression stage its
pressure rises significantly.
In some engines, the pressure of the air can rise by a factor of 30.
The high-pressure air produced by the compressor is shown in
dark blue.
Combustion area
5
Turbin
So why does the M-1 tank use a 1,500 horsepower gas turbine
engine instead of a diesel engine? It turns out that there are two
big advantages of the turbine over the diesel:
• Gas turbine engines have a great power-to-weight ratio compared
to reciprocating engines. That is, the amount of power you get out
of the engine compared to the weight of the engine itself is very
good.
• Gas turbine engines are smaller than their reciprocating
counterparts of the same power.
• The main disadvantage of gas turbines is that, compared to a
reciprocating engine of the same size, they are expensive. Because
they spin at such high speeds and because of the high operating
temperatures, designing and manufacturing gas turbines is a tough
problem from both the engineering and materials standpoint. Gas
turbines also tend to use more fuel when they are idling, and
they prefer a constant rather than a fluctuating load. That makes
gas turbines great for things like transcontinental jet aircraft and
power plants, but explains why you don't have one under the hood
of your car. 7
VARIASI TURBIN GAS
Large jetliners use what are known as turbofan
engines, which are nothing more than gas
turbines combined with a large fan at the front
of the engine. Here's the basic (highly
simplified) layout of a turbofan engine:
You can see that the core of a turbofan is a
normal gas turbine engine like the one
described in the previous section. The
difference is that the final turbine stage
drives a shaft that makes its way back to the A turboprop engine is
front of the engine to power the fan similar to a turbofan,
but instead of a fan
The purpose of the fan is to dramatically there is a conventional
increase the amount of air moving through the propeller at the front of
engine, and therefore increase the engine's the engine. The output
thrust. The air that the fan moves is called shaft connects to a
"bypass air" (shown in purple above) because it gearbox to reduce the
bypasses the turbine portion of the engine and speed, and the output of
moves straight through to the back of the the gearbox turns the
nacelle at high speed to provide thrust. propeller.
8
ROTARY VS RECIPROCATING ENGINE
9
• Smoother
All the parts in a rotary engine spin continuously in
one direction, rather than violently changing
directions like the pistons in a conventional engine
do. Rotary engines are internally balanced with
spinning counterweights that are phased to cancel
out any vibrations.
10
AIRCRAFT
11
COMMERCIAL
AIRCRAFT
12
MILITARY AIR CRAFT
13
CARGO
AIR CRAFT
14
TURBOFAN
AIRCRAFT
15
TURBOJET
AIRCRAFT
16
TURBOPROP
AIRCRAFT
17
TURBOPROP,FAN DAN JET
18
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES
19
AERODYNAMIC FORCES
Thrust
Thrust is an aerodynamic
force that must be created
by an airplane in order to
overcome the drag (notice
that thrust and drag act in
opposite directions in the
figure above).
Lift
Lift is the aerodynamic force that holds an airplane in
the air. it acts perpendicular to the flow of the fluid.
On airplanes, most of the lift required to keep the
plane aloft is created by the wings
21
Straight and Level Flight
Thrust = Drag
Lift = Weight
If, for any reason, the amount of drag becomes larger than
the amount of thrust, the plane will slow down.
22
HOW LIFT IS CREATED
23
INTERESTING THINGS ABOUT WINGS
25
• Flaps In general, the wings on most planes are designed
to provide an appropriate amount of lift (along with
minimal drag) while the plane is operating in its
cruising mode (about 560 miles per hour, or 901 km
per hour, for the Boeing 747-400). However, when
these airplanes are taking off or landing, their
speeds can be reduced to less than 200 miles per
hour (322 kph). This dramatic change in the wing's
working conditions means that a different airfoil
shape would probably better serve the aircraft. To
accommodate both flight regimes (fast and high as
well as slow and low), airplane wings have moveable
sections called flaps.
26
• Slats
27
AIRCRAFT PARTS
28
• The Propeller
Probably the most important parts of an airplane, after
the wing, are the propeller and engine. The propeller (or,
on jet aircraft, the jets) provides the thrust that moves
the plane forward.
29
Stabilizer
• The tail of the airplane has two small wings, called the
horizontal and vertical stabilizers, that the pilot uses
to control the direction of the plane. Both are
symmetrical airfoils, and both have large flaps on them
that the pilot controls with the control stick to change
their lift characteristics.
• With the horizontal tail wing, the pilot can change the
plane's angle of attack, and therefore control whether
the plane goes up or down. With the vertical tail wing,
the pilot can turn the plane left or right.
30
CONTROLLING THE DIRECTION
31
POWER AND FLIGHT
An F-15 has most of the elements you'll find on an ordinary jet plane.
It has two wings that generate lift, it has rear vertical and horizontal
stabilizers and rudders that balance and steer the plane, and it has
twin turbofan jet engines at the rear of the plane that generate
thrust.
• The main difference between an F-15 and an ordinary jet is how these
elements are balanced. The F-15's twin engines have a very high
thrust-to-weight ratio, meaning they are relatively light for the
amount of thrust they generate
• The plane body is relatively light, too, though it is extremely strong.
The wing spars are made of titanium, which is lighter and stronger
than steel, and most of the skin is made of lightweight aluminum.
According to the Air Force, each engine can generate between 25,000
and 29,000 pounds of thrust. The F-15C's normal weight is only
45,000 pounds, which means its thrust is actually greater than its
weight! This lets it accelerate quickly, even while climbing in altitude.
• The F-15 also has very low wing loading, meaning it has a lot of wing
area for its weight. Greater wing area means greater lift, which makes
the plane more agile. It can take off, ascend and turn much more
quickly than an ordinary plane, which has much more weight per square
foot of wing space.
32
The F-15 Strike Eagle (bottom) carries a number of air-to-ground weapons in addition to the air-to-air
weapons
33
REFRIGERTAION
34
REFRIGETARION CYCLE
35
• The high-pressure ammonia liquid flows through the
expansion valve
You can think of the expansion valve as a small hole.
On one side of the hole is high-pressure ammonia
liquid. On the other side of the hole is a low-
pressure area (because the compressor is sucking
gas out of that side).
36
• Pure ammonia gas is highly toxic to people and would
pose a threat if the refrigerator were to leak, so all
home refrigerators don't use pure ammonia. You may
have heard of refrigerants know as CFCs
(chlorofluorocarbons), originally developed by Du Pont
in the 1930s as a non-toxic replacement for ammonia.
CFC-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) has about the same
boiling point as ammonia.
However, CFC-12 is not toxic to humans, so it is safe
to use in your kitchen. Many large industrial
refrigerators still use ammonia.
37
HOW AIR CONDITIONER WORK
38
This is how the evaporation cycle in
an air conditioner works.
39
SPLIT SYSTEM UNIT
40
The hot side, known as the condensing unit. The unit
consists of a long, spiral coil shaped like a cylinder.
Inside the coil is a fan, to blow air through the coil,
along with a weather-resistant compressor.
• Besides the fact that the hot and cold sides are split
apart and the capacity is higher, there is no
difference between a split-system and a window air
conditioner.
41
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
43
PROSES MANUFAKTUR
Adalah proses produksi untuk membuat dan atau merakit
komponen menjadi suatu produk dari bahan baku atau setengah
jadi
Proses casting
Pembuatan cetakan
Hasil cetakan
CENTRIFUGAL CASTING
CENTRIFUGAL CASTING BANYAK DIGUNAKAN UNTK PROSES
PEMBUATAN PART YANG SILINDRIS. KKEKUATAN KOMPONEN HASIL
CENTRIFUGAL CASTING LEBIH BAIK DARI HASIL SAND CASTING.
HASIL PROSES
CENTRIFUGAL CASTING
JENISNYA :
BERDASARKAN SUMBER PANASNYA, LAS DAPAT DIBEDAKAN MENJADI
LAS BUSUR LISTRIK DAN GAS
SMA WELDING
MIG WELDING
LAS OXY-ASETILEN (KARBIT)