KINDS OF

PARTICIPANT ROLE
BY :
DIAN WAHYUNING RAMADANI
1510302115
PARTICIPANT ROLE
PARTICIPANT ROLES

 Participant roles indicate relationships between a verb (and possibly

other predicators) and the referring expressions in a sentence.
 Example : John opened the door with the key.

Verb
(predicators) open

Participant
roles
John
Referring The door
expression The key
Type of Participant Roles
Agent

Affected

Instrument

Location

Beneficiary

Experiencer

Theme
Agent

 The AGENT of a sentence is the PERSON deliberately carrying out

the action described.
 Example :
- John opened the door with the key.
- My mother’s bowl was broken by a thief.
Affected

 The AFFECTED participant is THE THING upon which the action is

carried out.
 Example
- John opened the door with the key.
- Maria dealt the cards carefully to each player.
Instrument

 The instrument is THE THING (hardly ever a person) by means of

which the action is carried out.
 Preposition which is typically used to express instrument is “WITH”.
 Example
- John opened the door with the key.
- Hamish sliced the onion with a knife.
Location

 The role of location is played by any expression referring to the

PLACE where the action described by a sentence takes place.
 Example
- Dina was born in Wonosobo.
- I’m meeting Rara at library.
Beneficiary

 The Beneficiary is the PERSON for whose benefit or to whose

detriment the action described by the sentence is carried out.
 Example
- Kate gave Gill a replica of the Venus de Milo.
- Alan bought a micro-computer for his son.
Experiencer

 The experiencer is typically A PERSON who is mentally aware of,

perceives, or experiences the action or step described by a
sentence.
 Experience means = you experience something, it happens to you,
or you feel it.
 Example
- The children heard the loud noise.
- Jane saw a movie last night.
Theme

 The THEME participant is a THING or PERSON whose location is

described or that is perceived by an experiencer.
 Example :
- The children heard the loud noise
-Jack saw a play last week
Grammatical Positions of Re in The
Sentence
 Subject position
* preceding main verb
example : John opened the door with the key.
 Object position
* immediately following main verb
example : John opened the door with the key.
 Complement position
* after the verb, but not immediately, often after preposition.
example : John opened the door with the key.
THE POSSIBLE COMBINATION OF
ROLE AND GRAMMATICAL
POSITION
 (1) The dynamite blew the safe open.
 (2) The hut was set alight by vandals.
 (3) Alfred burnt the cakes.
 (4) Charles built Emily a mahogany bookcase.
 (5) Sidney swatted the fly with his hat.

Subject object complement

Agent 3,4,5 2
Affected 2 1,3,5 4
Instrument 1 5
ROLE FRAME OF A VERB
 “Participant roles can be included in the dictionary. Proponents of
the notion of role envisage that in the dictionary entry for each verb
in the language there will be a ‘role frame’, indicating what roles
must be, and what roles may be, mentioned in connection with the
verb” (Hurford et al., 2007:253).
 Example :
John opened the door.

AGENT AFFECTED
The key opened the door.

INSRTRUMENT AFFECTED
The door opened.

AFFECTED
Practice…
 Edi smashed the glass with the hammer.

agent affected instrument

 The hammer smashed the glass.

instrument affected

 Elizabeth dissolve the body with the acid.

agent affected instrument

Thank you :)