Supplemental Seminar

For Computer Engineering Students

Asian Institute of
Computer Studies
Oct. 24, 2018
 T
D H
E E
S S
I I
G S
N

P
C
R
A
O
P
J
S
E
T
C
O
T
N
E
 Introduction…
Security System project?

Wearable computing?
Tracking System?

Robotics?
Microcontroller

An INTRODUCTION
 Definition:

from ENGINEERS GARAGE

• “A microcontroller is a small and low-cost computer

built for the purpose of dealing with specific tasks”
• Also called embedded controller.
History
CPU
• CPU is the brain of a microcontroller.
• The primary function of CPU is fetching and
decoding instructions. The instruction fetched
from program memory must be decoded by
the CPU.
Memory
• stores data and program.
• usually has a certain amount of RAM and ROM
(EEPROM, EPROM, etc) or flash memories for
storing program source codes.
Parallel input/output ports
• Parallel input/output ports are mainly used to
drive/interface various devices such as LCD’S,
LED’S, printers, memories, etc to a
microcontroller.
• Serial ports
• provides various serial interfaces between a
microcontroller and other peripherals
Timers/counters
• provide all timing and counting functions
inside the microcontroller.
• clock functions, modulations, pulse
generations, frequency measuring, making
oscillations, etc.
• counting external pulses.
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
• ADC converters are used for converting the
analog signal to digital form.
Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)
• DAC perform reversal operation of ADC
conversion.
• DAC converts the digital signal into analog
format.
Interrupt control
• The interrupt control used for providing
interrupt (delay) for a working program.
• The interrupt may be external (activated by
using interrupt pin) or internal (by using
interrupt instruction during programming).
Special functioning block
• Some microcontrollers used only for some
special applications (e.g. space systems and
robotics)
• these controllers containing additional ports
to perform such special operations.
Basic External Parts
Microcontrollers vs. microprocessors
Microprocessors vs Microcontrollers
Microprocessors vs Microcontrollers
Microprocessors vs Microcontrollers
• Microcontrollers are less expensive and use
less power than microprocessors.
• A microprocessor is the heart of the
computer
• microcontroller is the heart of an embedded
system.
Desktop Computer vs Microcontroller
Desktop Computer vs Microcontroller

Computer Microcontroller

• PORTS or sockets
•I/O or input/output
for its INPUTS and pins are not configured
OUTPUT devices •Specific task/single
already configured task
or prepared
• Multitask
 What a computer is…
 All computers process and store information in a binary
format.
 All computers have a CPU (central processing unit) that
executes the programs.
 The CPU loads the program from storage.
 A computer has RAM (random-access memory) which it can
use as a scratchpad.
 Computers have input and output devices so they can
communicate with the real world.
A MICROCONTROLLER AS A
COMPUTER
Microcontrollers are special purpose
computers.
Microcontrollers are typically dedicated to one
task and run one specific program.
Microcontrollers are usually embedded
Microcontrollers are often low-power devices
Popular Microcontrollers
• Common MCUs include the Intel MCS-51,
often referred to as an 8051 microcontroller,
which was first developed in 1985; oldest
microcontroller core still used today
• the AVR microcontroller developed by Atmel
in 1996; best known for being the brains in
most versions of the Arduino.

The ATmega328 is a
single-
chip microcontroller cre
ated by Atmel in
the megaAVR family
(later Microchip
Technology acquired
Atmel in 2016).
• PICmicro from Microchip Technology.
• They are very popular and come in a wide
array of options. The number of pins, package
style, and selection of on chip peripherals are
offered in an almost endless array of
combinations.
• and various licensed ARM microcontrollers.
 APPLICATIONS:
Microcontroller technology is majorly used in :
Security application such as
• Home security and automation
• smart cards
• Biomedical instruments
• Communication system
• Robotics
• Automobile fields
 Example
• Advanced Driver Assistance System as the
technology uses image sensors to improve the
driver’s safety by offering features including
lane departure warning, parking assistance,
and collision avoidance systems.
Criteria for choosing a microcontroller
 Some questions that should be asked while
deciding on a microcontroller are as follows:

• What is the number of I/O pins ?

• What is the amount of RAM and ROM on
chip?
• What is the maximum speed of the
microcontroller?
• How about wireless communication? Serial
communication?
• Can I program the microcontroller without
removing it in the application circuit?
• Consider ISP or In Circuit Programming
• Availability and community support?
Future of Microcontroller
According to Grand View Research, U.S.A.
This is due to the following…
• Increase awareness of energy management
• Low cost microcontrollers due to increasing
competition in the industry
• Increasing safety awareness in vehicles specially in
Advance Driver System such as parking assistance,
collision avoidance, lane departure warning
• Growing need for accuracy in medical automation
• Design of devices in the application of IoT and
wearable computing
• The Internet of things (IoT) is the network of
physical devices, vehicles, home appliances,
and other items embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity
which enables these things to connect, collect
and exchange data.
“Most IoT devices use
some kind of
microcontroller”
 Prerequisites for becoming and
Embedded System
Engineer/Embedded Programmer
 Learn assembly/high level especially C programming.

 Learn Electronics (Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory)

 Learn Micro-controller from basic to higher version such as

PIC16F84A/877A,AT89c51/Arduino

 Get practical hands on experience in tools(MPLAB IDE, AVR Studio,

Arduino, Proteus) , where you will know how to write, debug and
dumped a code in micro-controller.

 Build some DIY kits(Sensor Shield/GSM shield/Ultrasonic Sensor)

Demonstration…
?
• Thank you…