GROUTING

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 GROUTING

 Injection of a slurry or a liquid solution into a soil or rock

formation

 The grout subsequently hardens - increases the strength and

decreases compressibility and permeability.

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 MODES OF GROUTING
 Permeation or Penetration- Grout flows into soil voids freely with
minimal effect

 Compaction or Controlled displacement- Grout remains more or less

intact as a mass and exerts pressure on soil

 Hydraulic Fracturing or Uncontrolled displacement- Grout rapidly

penetrates into a fractured zone created when the grout pressure
is greater than tensile strength of soil or rock

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 Grout Characteristics

• Groutability
• Stability
• Setting time
• Permanence
• Toxicity

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 Groutability
 To obtain satisfactory performance, grain size distribution should
be known because it shall show the relationship between the grout
particle size and the void dimensions.
 Pumping pressure should not be large enough for particles of soil
to be disturbed.
 Grouting pressure is limited to 20 kN/m2
 Quality of a grout must be sufficiently fluid to enter the soil
quickly
 The movement should not be too fast
 Rate of injection of a grout depends on
 Viscoity of the grout
 Permeability of soil
 Shear strength of soil

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 Desirable properties of grout

 Suitable viscosity
 High Viscosity for Coarse and Moderately Permeable soils
 Low Viscosity for Fine grained soils of low permeability
 Correct setting time
 Max. Volume with minimum weight
 Strength
 Stability
 Durability

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Groutability Ratio

D15 ( Formation)
GR 
D85 (Grout )

 D15 = Particle size at which 15% of the soil is finer

 D85 = Particle size at which 85% of the grout is finer

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  Stability
 Capacity of grout to remain in a fluid state and not segregate into
separate components
 Setting Time
 Time required for the grout to set into cemented mass or gel
 Early setting causes difficulty in the grout reaching its destination
 Late setting causes the grout being washed away if seepage is
occuring through soil
 Permanence
 Resistance the grout possesses against being displaced from the soil
voids with time
 Toxicity
 Capacity of grouts to contaminate the grout water coming in

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contact with it.
 GROUT MATERIALS
 Suspensions – Grout particles in suspension in a liquid
medium- Cement+ Water, Clay etc

 Emulsions – Minute droplets of liquid in suspension- Asphalt

or bitumen with water

 Solutions – Liquid homogenous mixture of two or more

materials- Chemical Grouts

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SUSPENSION GROUTS-GROUTING WITH SOIL

 GR > 20
 Soil can be used to fill up voids in coarse grained soils
 Soil used as grout- very fine grained
 Clay grouts – to reduce permeability
 Kaolinite and Illite based clays – low viscosities – filler grouts
 Bentonite – to control viscosity strength and flow properties
 Mud jacking – to raise pavement slabs and to underpin
shallow building foundations
SUSPENSION GROUTS-GROUTING WITH CEMENT

 Uitable for cracks or voids wider than 0.2 mm

 Usually formed from OPC and Water
 Water cent ratio – 0.5:1 to 5:1
 Rapid hardening cement – prefered in ground with flowing
water
 Super sulphated cement – for fissured rocks
 Admixtures such as bentonite used to keep the cement
particles in suspension
 Seepage cut off beneath dams, ground water control
EMULSION GROUTS – ASFALT EMULSION

 Anionic or cationic asphaltic globules are manufactured by

choosing proper emulsifying agent
 The globules (1 to 2 µm dia) along with water used as grout
to fill soil voids and rock fissures
 Rock fissues of 10 µm size and medium silts can be grouted

 Slow setting emulsions generally chosen – they can travel

longest distnce into the material
 SOLUTION GROUTS – CHEMICAL GROUTING

 Chemical grouts like silicates and acrylic resins

 Solidify by chemical reaction
 Seepage barriers, stabilisation of soils around tunnels
 Principle of injection-permeation grouting

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 GROUTING SYSTEMS- ONE SHOT & TWO SHOT

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 ONE SHOT
SYSTEM
All chemicals are injected
together after premixing
Setting time is controlled by
varying the catalyst
concentration according to
the grout concentration,
water composition and
temperature
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TWO SHOT
SYSTEM
One chemical is injected
followed by injection of a
second chemical which reacts
with the first to produce a gel
which subsequently hardens
This is slower and require
higher injection pressure and
more closely spaced grout
holes
 Grouting Procedure
Depending on the material to be grouted (Rock, natural soil or fill),
its quality and the purpose of grouting, a well planned procedure has
to be adopted to attain the desired result

 Ground Investigation

 Grout Holes pattern

 Grouting Plant and Equipment

 Grouting sequence

 Grouting methods

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 Ground Investigation
 Provides information regarding the ground- whether it can be
grouted or not

 Choice of grouts-type and amount

 Include a geological survey, Drilling boreholes, Collection of

samples for laboratory tests

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 Grout Holes Pattern
 Based on the nature of work, the number of drill holes, depth
and pattern to be decided

 Follows a grid pattern such that radius of penetration is sufficient

to cause slight overlapping between adjacent holes

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 Grouting Plant and Equipment
 Measuring Tank – To control the volume of grout injected
 Mixer – To mix grout ingredients
 Agitator – To keep solid particles in suspension until pumped
 Pump – To draw the grout from the agitator to deliver to the
pumping line
 Control fittings – To control the injection rate and pressure so that
the hole can be regularly blend with water and thin grout
 Piping connected to grout holes

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 GROUTING SEQUENCE
GROUTING GROUTING
FROM BOTTOM FROM TOP
A grout hole of 50 to 75 mm diameter is drilled Holes are drilled down to the seam closest to
to full planned depth. the surface and grouting is carried out.

Holes are then cleaned by washing and drilling

In rigid soils or in intact rock strata a self continued to the next seam.
expanding packer is placed directly above the
lowest zone and grout is pumped in.
Grouting process is then effected.

The procedure is repeated after the packer is

raised and fixed to the next zone Subsequent washing followed further drilling
and repeated grouting are done until the entire
operation is completed. [Fig. 6.11(a)]

Thus the drill hole is grouted successively Grouting is facilitated in a particular zone by
upwards fixing packers on the top and bottom. [Fig.
6.11(b)]
 GROUTING METHODS
Permeation Grouting

Compaction Grouting

Jet Grouting

Soil Fracture Grouting

Circuit Grouting

Point Grouting

Electro kinetic injection

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 Permeation Grouting
• Grout fills the pores without any volume changes. Include
Cement grouts, bentonite grouts and chemical grouts.
• Grouting into an open hole in self-supporting ground
through pipes at the surface through an injection pipe held
in place in the hole or casing by a packer.
• From a pipe driven into the ground and withdrawn as
injection proceeds
• Through a pipe left in place in the ground as with a tube

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 Permeation Grouting

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 Grouting Plant for permeation grouting

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 Applications of Permeation Grouting

 Seepage Control
 For making vertical seepage barriers beneath hydraulic
structures
 Stoppage of seepage through joints of underground structures
such as tunnel lining/ basement wall, etc.
 Soil Solidification and Stabilization
 For stabilization of soil around tunnels and shafts

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 Compaction grouting
 A good option if the foundation of an
existing building requires improvement,
since it is possible to inject the grout
from the side or at an inclined angle to
reach beneath the building
 A bulb shaped grouted mass is formed.
 Soil-cement grout
 Can be performed as pretreatment
before the structure is built

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 Applications of Compaction Grouting

 Densification of loose stratum

i) underlying dense soil
ii) beneath foundations or floor slab-slab jacking
 Filling of large underground cavities
 Densification of collapsible soils
 Densification of soils showing organic degradation

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 Jet Grouting
 Involves the injection of low viscosity liquid grout into the pore
spaces of granular soils. This creates hardened soils to replace loose
liquefiable soils
 Jet grouting is used as replacement technique, in which soils ranging
from silt to clay and weak rocks can be treated
 This method consists of lowering a drill pipe into a 150 mm dia bore
hole
 The drill pipe is specially designed which simultaneously conveys
pumped water, compressed air and grout fluid.
 Three systems of jet grouting
 Single, Double & Triple

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 Systems of jet grouting

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 Sequence in Single Jet Grouting

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 Triple Jet Grouting
 At the bottom end of the pipe two nozzles are provided at
500 mm apart.
 The upper nozzle (1.8 mm diameter) delivers water
surrounded by a collar of compressed air to produce a
cutting jet.
 The grout is delivered through the lower nozzle (7 mm dia)

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 Triple Jet Grouting Method

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 Schematic diagram for Triple Jet Grouting

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 Applications of Jet Grouting
 Groundwater control

 Movement control

 Support

 Environmental

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 Ground Water Control
 Preventing flow either through the sides or into the base of
an excavation
 Controlling groundwater during tunneling
 Preventing or reducing water seepage through a water
retention structure such as a dam or flood defence structure
 Preventing or reducing contamination flow through the
ground

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 Movement Control
 Prevention of ground or structure movement during
excavation or tunnelling
 Supporting the face or sides of a tunnel during construction
or in the long term
 Increasing the factor of safety of embankments or cuttings
 Providing support to piles or walls to prevent or reduce
lateral movement

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 Support
 Underpinning buildings during excavation or tunnelling

 Improving the ground to prevent failure through inadequate

bearing
 Transferring foundation load through weak material to a
competent strata

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 Environmental
 Encapsulating contaminants in the ground to reduce or
prevent contamination off site or into sensitive water systems
 Providing lateral or vertical barriers to contaminant flow

 Introducing reactive materials into the ground to treat

specific contaminants by creating permeable reactive barriers

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 Circuit Grouting
 Based on the principle of
grouting from the top
downwards.
 A drill hole is bored to the
depth of the bottom zone
and grout is pumped down
the grout pile and returned
up the drill hole.

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 Point Grouting
 In shallow work of 10 to 12 m deep the grout is injected
from the points of a driven or jetted lance.
 Injections are delivered at pre-determined positions along the
line of drive and also on the return in systems where a
second reacting grout ingredient is to be placed
independently of the initial injection.

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 Electrokinetic Injection
 Stabilization of silty soils may not be possible by chemical or
admixture perhaps because of lack of confinement or the
necessity to avoid disturbance of the ground.
 Chemical stabilizers are introduced at the anode and carried
toward the cathode by electro-osmosis.
 Direct current electrical gradients of the order of 50 to 100
Volts/m are required.

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 Soil Fracture Grouting

 Root-like zones of grout material is formed in the soil mass

 Sleeved pipe grouting technique is used
 Used for restoration of verticality of a tilted building

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Grouting arrangements
 Curtain grouting

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 Blanket grouting

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 General
 Seepage Control
Applications of Grouting
 For making vertical seepage barriers beneath hydraulic structures
 Stoppage of seepage through joints of underground structures such as
tunnel lining/ basement wall, etc.
 Soil Solidification and Stabilization
 For stabilization of soil around tunnels and shafts
 Vibration Control
 Chemical grouting through machine foundation soil will alter the
elastic properties of the soil and results in increased rigidity of the
base resulting in decrease of amplitudes.

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Seepage Control

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Soil Solidification and Stabilization

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Using soil fracture grouting