CT Dimension Ing

s
Theory of Protection Co-ordination

in Power Transmission and Distribution Systems
Current Transformer
Dimensioning
Siemens AG, PTD SE NC 5

Postfach 3220, 91050 Erlangen
Paul-Gossen-Straße 100
Tel +49 9131 7- 34324

Fax +49 9131 7- 35017
andrzej.bachry@siemens.com
Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.
Power Transmission and Distribution Power Technology

Instrument Transformer
Dimensioning, Page 1
s
Instrument Transformer Dimensioning
Different Measuring Methods I
Current Voltage
Inductive
Rogowski-Coil Inductive
Ohmic Ohmic
Inductive/Optical Capacitive
Optical

Page 2
s
Different Measuring Methods II

Page 3
s

Page 4
s
Principle of Current Measurement Using Farraday Effect
Fibre Input H Fibre Output
linear Rotation of plane of

polarization polarization by angle ρ~N·I
Ey Ey 
Ex I Ex
Fibre coil
with N windings
current carrying conductor

Page 5
s
Optical Current Transducer as a part of circuit-breaker Assembly
Add-On Scheme: Integrated Scheme:
Sensor Head
Sensor Head
Optical Fibre Cable

with Composite Insulator Optical Fibre Cable
with Composite Insulator
Interface Electronics housed in Interface Electronics housed in

breaker control unit breaker control unit

Page 6
s
Principle of Voltage Measurement Using Pockels Effect
Pockels crystal
E
Electric Field E<0 E=0 E>0
~ Voltage
Ey
Fibre Output
Elliptical Polarization
Ex
Fibre Input
Circular Polarization

Page 7
s
Electrooptic Potential Transformer for GIS

Page 8
s
Annealed Fibre Current Transformer

Page 9
s
Dimensioning Criteria
 Requirements of modern relays

 Installation points
 Relay functions
 Relay burden, cable burden and CT burden
 Technical criteria  Short-circuit current and system time constant
CT-Ratio, Accuracy Limiting Factor, Nominal Burden,

Class, Knee- Point Voltage
 Customer criteria  Requirements of relays in use

 Habits
 Tender invitation
 National standards

Page 10
s
International Standards
Important Standards
IEC 60044-1 1996/12 Current Transformers
IEC 60044-1 2000/07 Current Transformers (amendment 1)
IEC 60044-6 1992/03 Current Transformers (transient performance TP)
IEC 60044-2 1997/02 Voltage Transformers
BS EN 60044-1 Current Transformers
ANSI C57.13/1993 Current Transformers

AS 1675-1986 Current Transformers
IEC 185/1978 obsolete !

BS 7626/1993 obsolete !
BS 3938/1973 obsolete !
VDE 0414 Specifications for Instrument Transformers

Additional
CEI (Italy) SEN (Sweden)
CSA (Canada) SEU (Suisse)
NF (France) ABNT (Brasil)

Page 11
s
CT: Equivalent Circuit
CT

Page 12
s
Saturation Effect
ip
is
0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 t/ms
U/V 5 P10 60 VA
L RCT LZ RZ Ritz
iP iM 900
Lb Pfiffner
Lh
Rb
is 90
0,001 0,010 0,100 1,000
IM/A

Page 13
s
Definitions of Accuracy According to VDE 0414/IEC 60044-1
Isecnn  Iprim
Definition of current error: Fi  100
Iprim
Definition of angle error: i  angle(Isec )  angle(Iprim )
T
1
T  nnisec ( t )  iprim( t ) 2 dt
Definition of composite error:
0
Fi  100
Iprim.rms

Page 14
s
Qualifying Symbols According to IEC and VDE
10 P 10, 15 VA
Nominal burden
Accuracy Limiting Factor (ALF)
Core Type P = Protection
Accuracy limit in % at ALF * In
Measuring cores are not suitable for protection!

Page 15
s
IEC-60044, VDE-0414 Accuracy Classification for Protection CT in Steady State
2 standard accuracy classes: 5P and 10P

Limits of error
At nominal accuracy limit
At nominal primary current
primary current
Accuracy Current error Phase angle Phase angle

class displacement displacement Composite error
% minutes centirad %
5P ±1 ± 60 ± 1.8 5
10P ±3 - - 10
Example: 5 P 10 , 50 VA
nominal burden
accuracy limiting factor (ALF)
accuracy limit in % at I=ALF × In

Page 16
s
Definition of Protection CT Performance in Steady-State According to VDE/IEC
Isecondary/In burden < 15 VA  Definition for type P according to

VDE/IEC 60044-1, only AC component
is taken into account
 Only symmetrical saturation is

burden = 15 VA
considered
10
Fi = 10%
burden > 15 VA
However:
5  Short-circuit current consists of AC
and decaying DC components
 For CT-dimensioning DC component

should also be considered
0 5 10 15 Iprimary/In
10P10, 15 VA

Page 17
s
Accuracy Limiting Factor ALF’
The CT’s performance under steady-state conditions is described by
Pn  PCT A ccuracy L imiting F actor

ALF` ALFn 
P`PCT Betriebsüberstromziffer
ALF’ = Actual Accuracy Limiting Factor

ALFn = Nominal Accuracy Limiting Factor
Pn = Nominal VA Output (Nominal Burden)
PCT = Internal CT Burden
P’ = Actual Connected Burden
IEC: Not high nominal VA or high nominal ALF factor leads to

a better CT performance, but higher actual ALF’ factor

Page 18
s
Accuracy Limiting Factor ALF - Example
in the same burden
CT1: 1000/1A, 10P10, 30 VA CT2: 1000/1A 10P20, 15 VA

Relay burden: 0.1 VA Relay burden: 0.1 VA
Pi = 6 VA Pi = 6 VA
ALF1’ = 10 x (30 + 6) / (0.1 + 6) = 59 ALF2’ = 20 x (15 + 6) / (0.1 + 6) = 69
Symmetrical saturation at 59 x In Symmetrical saturation at 69 x In
X Better
?
? future: 10P30, 2.5 VA ?
? ?

Page 19
s
Definition of Knee-Point Voltage According to BS Class X and IEC Class PX
Usecondary/V RCT (internal burden)
U = 10% Uknee
400 R‘
(external burden)
200
I = 50%
Knee-point voltage is the voltage at
which a 10% increase in rms voltage
results in a 50% increase in rms
0 50 100 150 Isecondary/mA magnetizing current

Page 20
s
BS Performance Classification for Relaying CTs
Class P: 5P and 10P similar to IEC 60044
Class X: Defined by
 Rated primary current
 Turns ratio (the error shall not exceed ± 0.25%)
 Rated knee-point voltage
 Magnetizing current at rated knee-point voltage
 Resistance of secondary winding corrected to 75°C
 Class X CT will be applied if accuracy limits of class 5P or 10P are not

appropriate
 Class X quantities can also be measured and given for class 5P and 10 P

Page 21
s
Definition der Kniepunktspannung nach Class TPS IEC 60044-6
Usecondary/V RCT (internal burden)
U = 10% Uknee
400 R‘
(external burden)
200
I = 100%
Knee-point voltage is the voltage at
which a 10% increase in rms voltage
results in a 100% increase in peak-
0 50 100 200 Isecondary/mA value of magnetizing current

Page 22
s
IEC 60044-6 Transient Performance Classification for Relaying CTs
Class TPS: Defined by

 Rated primary current
 Turns ratio (the error shall not exceed ± 0.25%
 Rated knee-point voltage
 Magnetizing current at rated knee-point voltage
 Resistance of secondary winding corrected to 75°C
 Class TPS will be applied if accuracy limits of class 5P or 10P are not
appropriate
 Class TPS quantities can also be measured and given for class 5P and 10P

Page 23
s
Relation Between Accuracy Limiting Factor ALF and Knee-Point Voltage
Uknee,n 
Rn RCT I2n ALFn RCT
1.3 I1N (internal burden) I2N

Pn  PCT   ALFn
1.3  I2n Rn
Uknee (nominal
external
Example 1: burden)
IEC: 600/1A, 5P10, 15 VA, RCT= 4Ω

15VA  4VA  10  146VA
BS: 600/1A, Uknee,n 
1.3  1VA
Example 2: ALFn available

BS: 600/1A, Uknee= 146V, RCT= 4Ω
1.3  Uknee  I2n 1.3  146 V  1A 10 15 VA  15 VA
IEC: 600/1A, Pn   PCT   4 VA  20 5.5 VA  10 VA
ALFn ALFn 30 2.3 VA  2.5 VA
must be higher than connected burden

Page 24
s
Conversion of ANSI to IEC CT Data for 1A CTs
RCT Nominal Accuracy Limiting Factor ALFn
Uterm is defined as terminal voltage at 20*In

Uterm and connected external standard burden.
R’
ALFn = 20 for all class C cores
Example C200, 1A Nominal ANSI-Standard burden
Uterm 200 V
R'    10
20  In 20  1A
C100  10P20, 5 VA
C200  10P20, 10 VA
C400  10P20, 20 VA Class P Nominal Burden
C800  10P20, 40 VA
Pn  In2  R'  (1A )2  10  10 VA

Page 25
s
Conversion of ANSI to IEC CT Data for 5A CTs
RCT Nominal Accuracy Limiting Factor ALFn
Uterm is defined as terminal voltage at 20*In

Uterm and connected external standard burden.
R’
ALFn = 20 for all class C cores
Example C200 Nominal ANSI-Standard burden

typical 5A
Uterm 200 V
R'    2
20  In 20  5 A
C100  10P20, 25 VA
C200  10P20, 50 VA
C400  10P20, 100 VA Class P Nominal Burden
C800  10P20, 200 VA
Pn  In2  R'  (5 A )2  2  50 VA

Page 26
s
ANSI C57.13 Performance Classification for Relaying CTs
Class C: indicates that the transformer ration can be calculated (bushing type CTs)
Class T: indicates that the transformer ration must be determined by test
wound-type CTs limits of error

s
C800
e 800
c 8Ω
t 700
o Error will not exceed
n e 600
10% for secondary
d r 500 voltage equivalent to
a m 4Ω C400
r
400 or less than value
i described by curve
y 300
n 2Ω C200
a 200
v
o l 100 C100
l 0 1Ω
t
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
s
secondary amperes
Class C: Ration error will not exceed 10% between 1 to 20 times nominal
secondary current.

Page 27
s
Effective Burden
3 CT Earth-Returns 1 CT Earth-Return
Ri R1 Ri R1
R2 RRelay RRelay
Ri R1 Ri R1
R2 RRelay RRelay
Ri R1 Ri R1
RRelay RRelay
R2
R2
3-phase and 2-phase faults:

RBurden = R1 + RRelay
RBurden = R1 + RRelay + R2 PBurden = In2 *R1 + PRelay
PBurden = In2 (R1 + R2) + PRelay non-symmetrical Earth fault:
RBurden = R1 + RRelays + R2
PBurden = In2 (R1 + R2) + PRelays

Page 28
s
Effective Secondary Cable Burden with Nominal Current 1A, 5A
60 2,2 2,5 mm2

VA VA 0,70  / 100 m
2,5 mm2 2,0
0,70  / 100 m
50 In = 5 A 1,8 In = 1 A
1,6
40 1,4 4,0 mm2
4,0 mm2 0,44  / 100 m
0,44  / 100 m
1,2
30
1,0
6,0 mm2
6,0 mm2 0,29  / 100 m
0,29  / 100 m 0,8
20
0,6 10,0 mm2
10,0 mm2 0,17  / 100 m
0,17  / 100 m
10 0,4 16,0 mm2
16,0 mm2
0,11  / 100 m 0,11  / 100 m
0,2
0 0,0
0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300
length/m length/m
(In)2 = 25 A2  high burden (In)2 = 1,0 A2  low burden
better

Page 29
s
Steady State Dimensioning - Transmission Capability
CT-Transmission Capability
RCT RI Relay with nominal burden
2
……Ω 1
……Ω I’’k = ……
10 x In = ……
10 kA
RRelay
RI
0,1
……Ω
Accuracy Limiting Factor
P  PCT
n = 1000
…… / 1A 2,1 VA
P’ = …… ALF'  ALFn  n 
P'PCT
10  ......  ......  ......
10 2
 ...... 29,2
......  ......
2,1 2
Current Transformer CT
CT-Transmission Capability
…… / 1A,
1000 ……
5 P ……,
10 ……
10 VA with actual burden
I’’k = ALF’ x In = ……
29,2 kA

Page 30
s
Steady State Dimensioning
RCT RI Relay
Necessary Accuracy Limiting Factor
2
……Ω
1
……Ω I' 'k 20
RRelay ALF'   ......
RI In
0,1
……Ω
Necessary Nominal Burden

n = 1000
…… / 1A 2,1 VA
P’ = ……
2,1 VA  P  ......
Pn  P'  ...... 5 VA
n
? ? Necessary Nominal Accurancy
1000
…… / 1A, 5
…… 15
P ……, 5
…… VA Limiting Factor
P'PCT
ALFn  ALF' 
Pn PCT
Short-Circuit Current
20 ......2,1  ......
2 11,7
20 x I
20 kA = ……  ......   ......
I’’k = …… n 5  ......
...... 2

Page 31
s
Short Circuit Current
Fault far from generator Fault near to generator
 Constant AC component 50/60 Hz  Decaying AC component 50/60 Hz

 Decaying DC component  Decaying DC component
 Time constants:  Time constants:
Medium voltage 10ms .. 50ms Medium voltage 10ms .. 100ms
High voltage 50ms .. 100ms High voltage 50ms .. 250ms
Extra high voltage 80ms .. 150ms Extra high voltage 80ms .. 250ms
Generator level up to 500ms

Page 32
s
Meaning of the accuracy limiting factor ALF‘
The multiplication of the accuracy limiting factor and nominal CT-current
specifies the symmetrical short-circuit current which can be transmitted
without saturation.
Relation between magnetic flux density and
secondary nominal CT-current.

Page 33
s
Overdimensioning factor of CTs
Asymmetrical short circuit current with a superposing DC-component
The DC-component
of an asymmetrical
short circuit is
causing an additional
magnetic
flux.
Transient dimensioning factor
for free
TN : System time constant


Page 34
s
Overdimensioning factor of CTs
Bsat
Magnetic Flux
secondary current
primary current
The DC-component is producing a steep rising of

tfree
the magnetic flux density
A CT can be saturated by an asymmetrical current

DC-component nevertheless it will not be saturated
by the pure symmetrical current

Page 35
s
CT - Dimensioning according to saturation-free transmission time
Overdimensioning factor for saturation-free
transmission time tfree:
Ktd
t free

K td  1 TN (1 e TN
)
(iron-cored CT with TS >> TN)

Page 36
s
CT-Dimensioning Instruction for Transformer Differential Protection
A transformer differential protection should be stable on external short-circuit faults.
The CT saturation detection of 7UT612 relays need an unsaturated transmission of
maximum short-circuit current in
For high CT time constants, the maximum transmittable current must not exceed
Ktd Ktd

Page 37
s
CT-Dimensioning Instruction for Line Differential Protection
A current differential protection should be stable on external short-circuit faults.
The CT saturation detection of 7SD51 relays need an unsaturated transmission of
maximum short-circuit current in
For high CT time constants, the maximum transmittable current must not exceed
Ktd Ktd

Page 38
s
CT-Dimensioning Instruction for Distance Relay
General:
The CT may be saturated, but any short circuit faults in zone 1 must
be cleared undelayed, short circuit faults outside one 1 must be cleared
delayed.
CT may be saturated, but the remaining CT should keep to transmit short circuit
magnitude of fundamental current and currents without saturation in a longer
its phase angle must lead to time than relay operating time.
impedance within zone 1.

Page 39
s
CT-Dimensioning Instruction for Overcurrent Relays
General:
The CT my be saturated, but the remaining magnitude of fundamental

current has to be higher than the relay settings I >>.
IS > I> or IS > I>>
I Pn  PCT I

ALF  ALFn  
In P'PCT In

Page 40
s
Transient Dimensioning - Transmission Capability
RCT RI Relay
Tsys = 0 ms, tfree = ∞, steady state
2 1 Ik = ALF’ * In = ……30 kA
……Ω ……Ω RRelay
RI
0,1
……Ω
n = 1000
…… / 1A 2,1 VA
P’ = ……
Tsys = 50 ms, tfree = ∞, transient
ALF' 30
......
Ik   In   ......kA
1 1,87
.......kA
K td 16
......
…… / 1A, ……
1000 5 P ……,
10 ……
10 VA
Accuracy Limiting Factor Tsys = 50 ms, tfree = 10 ms, transient

ALF' ......
Pn PCT 30 Ik   In  30  ......kA
1  ......kA
7,5
ALF'  ALFn   ...... K td 4
......
P'PCT

Page 41
s
Transient Dimensioning
7UT612
RCT RI Relay Necessary Transient Accuracy
Limiting Factor
2
……Ω
1
……Ω RRelay
I' 'k 20 kA
RI
0,1 ALF'   K td  .......... ......  ......
......... 4 80
……Ω In 1 kA
n = 1000
…… / 1A 2,1 VA
P’ = ……
Necessary Nominal Burden
2,1 VA  P  ......
Pn  P'  ...... 5 VA
n
? ?
1000 / 1A, ……
…… 5 P ……,
50 ……
5 VA
Necessary Nominal Accuracy
Limiting Factor
Short-Circuit Current
P'PCT
ALFn  ALF' 
I’’k = ……
20 kA = ……
20 x In Pn PCT
Tsys = ……50 ms 2,1 2
80  ............  ......
 ...... 46,85
5 ......
...... 2

Page 42
s
CT - Demagnetizing
circuit breaker switched-off at current

zero crossing
Maximum of induction

Page 43
s
TP - current transformer classes acc. IEC 60044 - 6
- Iron - cored CT without limited remanence

TPX - Mechanical construction corresponds to class P (IEC 60044 - 1)
- transient behavior is specified additionally
- same as TPX
TPY - remanence limited to <10% (anti - remanence air gap)
- remanence neglectable
TPZ - error limit are only formulated for AC component
- DC - component will be shortened considerably

Page 44
s
CT - Induction curve during AR
A – Iron cored CT TPX

A
B – Iron cored CT with BR
anti - remanence B
air gap TPY
BR
tF1 tSp tF2 t
Bmax  ωTN  TS  tTF1N  TF1 

t t t
 SpT F2  ω  T1  TS  tTF2N  TF2 
t
K td   1 (e  e )  e
S S
 1 (e  e S )
Bˆ    TN  TS   TN  TS 

Page 45
s
CT - Induction curve during AR
Ip
 Linear core CT
Is
TPZ
B
• Advantages by AR
• Cost intensive partitioned core Im
• very short sec. Time constant

(<100ms): sec. DC component is no longer
Bmax  TN  TS  tTF2N  TF2 
t
transformed correctly K td   1 (e  e S )
• high demagnetizing current Bˆ   TN  TS
 

Page 46
s
Error limits of TP - current transformer classes acc. to IEC 60044 - 6
Error at anted current Peak error at rated

class
ratio angle overcurrent
TPX ± 0,5% ± 30 min ε ≤ 10%
TPY ± 1,0% ± 60 min ε ≤ 10%
TPZ ± 1,0% ± 180 ± 18 min ε ≤ 10% (only I~)

Page 47
s
CTDim 3.2 - Current Transformer Dimensioning Program
 Technical Optimization
 Dynamic Check of Requirements
 Automatic Report Generation
 Standard Conversion
 Dynamic Simulation

Page 48
s
weitere Folien nicht gepflegt

09.08.2005/ab

Page 49
s
Saturation-Free Transmission Time - Example

Page 50
s
Transient CT- Behavior
Equivalent Circuit:
Magnetic induction curve:
leakage inductance << main inductance B TN  TS  TtN  Tt

i2  1  i1  1 (e e S )
N Ri i1 B̂ TN  TS
Maximum value:
LM U2 RB
Bmax
 1  TN TS >> TN
B
TN Time constant of power system
 U (t)  dt  (R  R ) i (t)  dt
TS Time constant of CT secondary
B 2 i B 2 circuit
δ angle error
LM I
TS  
Ri  RB   tan 

Page 51
s
CT - Dimensioning acc. to saturation - free transmission time

Page 52
s
Maximum Transmittable Current and Transient Dimensioning Factor (1)

Page 53
s
Short-circuit current:  Tt
iSC ( t )  2  ISC (  cos t  e  )
Transient dimensioning factor (high CT time constant): Y'  1  Tsy s
I  ALF'
Maximum transmittable current without saturation: ISC  n
Y'
80
f = 60 Hz
Y’∞
f = 50 Hz
60
Estimated transient di-

mensioning factor for 40
different iron cores and
system frequencies 20 f = 16 2/3 Hz
0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Tsys

Page 54
s

Page 55
s
Magnetizing characteristics of TP - CTs:

Page 56

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Theory of Protection Co-ordination

Siemens AG, PTD SE NC 5

Tel +49 9131 7- 34324

Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.

Power Transmission and Distribution Power Technology

Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.

Power Transmission and Distribution Power Technology

Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.

Power Transmission and Distribution Power Technology

Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.

Power Transmission and Distribution Power Technology

Fibre Input H Fibre Output

linear Rotation of plane of

current carrying conductor

Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.

Power Transmission and Distribution Power Technology

Add-On Scheme: Integrated Scheme:

Optical Fibre Cable

Interface Electronics housed in Interface Electronics housed in

Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.

Power Transmission and Distribution Power Technology

Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.

Power Transmission and Distribution Power Technology

Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.

Power Transmission and Distribution Power Technology

Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.

Power Transmission and Distribution Power Technology

 Requirements of modern relays

CT-Ratio, Accuracy Limiting Factor, Nominal Burden,

 Customer criteria  Requirements of relays in use

Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.

Power Transmission and Distribution Power Technology

ANSI C57.13/1993 Current Transformers

IEC 185/1978 obsolete !

VDE 0414 Specifications for Instrument Transformers

Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.

Power Transmission and Distribution Power Technology

Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.

Power Transmission and Distribution Power Technology

Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.

Power Transmission and Distribution Power Technology

Definition of angle error: i  angle(Isec )  angle(Iprim )

Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.

Power Transmission and Distribution Power Technology

Accuracy Limiting Factor (ALF)

Core Type P = Protection

Accuracy limit in % at ALF * In

Measuring cores are not suitable for protection!

Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.

Power Transmission and Distribution Power Technology

2 standard accuracy classes: 5P and 10P

Accuracy Current error Phase angle Phase angle

Power Transmission and Distribution Power Technology

Isecondary/In burden < 15 VA  Definition for type P according to

 Only symmetrical saturation is

 For CT-dimensioning DC component

Power Transmission and Distribution Power Technology

Pn  PCT A ccuracy L imiting F actor

ALF’ = Actual Accuracy Limiting Factor

IEC: Not high nominal VA or high nominal ALF factor leads to

Copyright SIEMENS AG. PTD SE PT 2005. All rights reserved.

Power Transmission and Distribution Power Technology