Learning

Definitions
• Learning is a relatively permanent change in
behaviour which occurs as a result of practices and
experiences.
• Learning understood as the modification of
behavious through practice, training or experience.
– Component of Learning
» Learning involves change
» Change should be relatively permanent
» Learning reflected behavior
» The change in behaviour should occur as result of experience, practice
and training
» The practice or experience must be reinforced in order to learn.
 How learning Occur or Theory of
Leaning
• Classical Conditioning Theory
– It is based on the premise that a physical event
termed as stimulus that initially doesn't elicit a
particular response. Gradually acquires the
capacity to elicit that response as a result or
repeated pairing with stimulus that can elicit
reaction
• Salivation in response to food is natural.
» Unconditional Stimulus

• Repeated ringing of bell followed by food lead

the dog salivation
» Conditional Stimulus
 Before Conditioning
Bell No Response
Unconditional Unconditional
Stimulus(food) Response(Salivation)
During Conditioning
Conditional Unconditional
Stimulus(bell) Stimulus (food)

Unconditional
Response(Salivation)
 After Conditioning
Conditional Conditional
Stimulus(Bell) Response(Salivation)
 Operant Conditioning
• It also called instrumental conditioning refers
to the process that our behaviour produce
certain consequences and how we behave in
the future will depend on what those
consequences are
– If pleasant effect Likely repeat
– If unpleasant effect Less likely repeat
• Types of Reinforcement:
Positive, Negative
• Punishment
• Schedule of Reinforcement:
-Continuous reinforcement
-Intermittent reinforcement :
• Cognitive Theory :- It assumes that the
organism learns the meaning of various object
and event and learned response depending on
the meaning assigned to stimuli.

Behavioral Perceived
Prior learning
choice consequence
 Social Learning

• It emphasizes the ability of the individual to

learn by observing others and through direct
experience.
• processes involved in observational learning:
– Attention
– Retention
– Practice
– Motivation
– Imitation
Forms of Learning
• Through Education
• Through Training
• Personal experiences
• Self-Observation
 Factors affecting Learning
• The learner: Need, Motivation, Interest,
Required Physical Maturity, Intelligence,
Emotional state, Responsibility to learn, Mind
set
• The environment: Physical setting should be
appropriate, suitable for the learner,
• The materials: Meaningfulness, Amount of
Materials, Associative value
 Factors affecting learning:

• Amount of materials
• Nature of materials
• Method of learning
• Interference:
- proactive inhibition (New learning
getting affected by the previous learning)
- retroactive inhibition (Recall of
previously learned getting affected by the new
learning)
 Learning Style
• Accommodator :- An accommodator learn by doing and
feeling. He tends to learn primarily from hands of experience.
• Diverger :- A diverger learn by observing and feeling. The
diverger has the ability to view concrete situation from
different angles
• Converger :- A converger learn by doing and thinking. The
converger seek practical use information. When presented
with problem and making decision.
• Assimilator :- An assimilator learn by oserving and thinking.
The assimilator is effective at understanding a wide range of
information and putting into concise and logival form.
 FEELING

ACCOMODATOR DIVERGER

DOING OBSERVING

CONVERGER ASSIMILATOR

THINKING
 Learning and OB

• Stimulus generalisation in organisation

• Stimulus discrimination in organisation
• Leaning and training
• Learning through feedback
• Employee development programme