IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY

Noraine Princess G. Tabangcora, RMT

MLS Faculty
San Pedro College
What is
Immunohematology?

-embodies the study of blood group antigens

and antibodies
-closely related to the study of immunology,
hematology and genetics
Terminologies
Hematology
Hematopoiesis – deals with the process of blood cell
derivation and maturation
Hematoma – mass of blood confined to a tissue origin or
space caused by a break in a blood vessel

Hematocrit – the proportion of red cells in whole

blood expressed as a percentage
Hemoglobin – the iron-containing pigment of RBC.
Its function is to carry O2 from the
lungs to the tissues
Hematuria – presence of blood in urine
Hemoglobinuria – the presence of hemoglobin in urine
freed from lysed RBC occurs when Hg
from disintegrating RBC’s or from rapid
hemolysis of red cells exceeds the ability
of the blood CHONs to combine with theHb.

Hemolytic Anemia – caused by hemolysis of RBC’s resulting in reduction

of normal red cell life-span
HDN-EBF – a characterized by anemia, jaundice, enlargement of spleen,
liver and generalized edema. Due to maternal IgG Ab that
cross the placenta and attach fetal red cells when there is a
feto-maternal blood group incompatibility caused by
ABO or RhAb. Syndrome is erythroblastosis fetalis.
Hemophilia – a hereditary disorder characterized by greatly prolong
coagulation time. The blood fails to clot and bleeding occurs
Hemorrhage – abnormal internal/external bleeding. Maybe venous arterial
or capillary from blood vessels into the tissues, into or from the
body; excessive loss of blood
Jaundice – a condition characterized by yellow discoloration or
pigmentation of the skin, sclera and the mucous membrane. Result in
high bilirubin
Hemolysis – loss of blood with breakage
Leukemia – malignant proliferation of leukocytes which spills into the
blood yielding an elevated leukocytes count
Leukopenia – decrease WBC in peripheral count
Leukocytosis – increase leukocytes
Genetics
Allele – 1 of 2 or more different genes that may occupy a specific locus
on a chromosome
Amorph – a gene that does not appear to produce a detectable Ag.
Antithetical – co-dominant allele; refers to Ag that are the product
of alleleic genes

Chimerism – state of two cell population/manifestation of expression in

one individual
Dominant – expressed characteristics; a trait or characteristics that will
be expressed in the offspring eventually it is only carried on
1 of the homologous chromosome
Genotype – an individual actual genetic make up
Phenotype – the outward expression of genes
Heterozygous – possessing different allele at a given loci
Homozygous – possessing a pair of identical alleles
Non-secretor (se gene)– an individual whose secretions do not expressed ABH
Secretor (Se gene) – an individual who is capable of secreting with ABH

Haplotype – one unit; from a mother or a father

Gene – a unit of inheritance within a chromosome
Crossing Over – the exchange of genetic material
Recombination – process of reunion of genes due to crossing over by homologous
chromosomes
Co-dominant – both gene in heterozygous are expressed
Mitosis – type of cell division in which each daughter cell contains the same
number of chromosomes as the parent cell. All except sex cells undergo
mitosis
Meiosis – type of cell division of germ cell in which two successive divisions of
the nucleus produce cells that contain half the number of
chromosomes present in some cells.
Recessive – a gene that in the presence of dominant allele, does not express
itself expression of recessive genes occurs which they are
inherited in the homozygous state is position. The location of 2
or more genes on the same chromosome of a homologous pair.

Transposition – the location of 2 genes on opposite chromosome of a

homologous pair
Deletion – the loss of a portion of a chromosome
Diploid – having 2 sets of chromosomes for a total of 46
Mutation – a change in a gene potentially capable of being transmitted to
offspring
i. Point Mutation – a change in a base in DNA that can lead to a
change in the amino acids incorporated into the polypeptides. The
change is identifiable by analyzing the amino acids sequences of the
original CHON and its mutant offspring.
ii. Frameshift Mutation – a change in which a message is read
incorrectly either because a base is missing or an extra base is
added. This results in an entirely new polypeptide because the
triplet sequence has been shift 1 base; reading of codon is change
Synteny – genes that are closely situated on a chromosome but cannot be shown
to be linked
Immunohematology
Antigen (Ag) – a substance that is recognized by the body as being foreign; thus
it can elicit an immune response in blood banking. Ag are
used but not exclusively found on the blood cell membrane.
Antibody (Ab) – a CHON substance developed in response to two interacting
specifically with an antigen. In blood banking, it is found in
serum, from either a commercial manufacturer or a patient. It
is secreted by plasma cell
Coomb’s Serum (anti-human serum) – an Ab prepared in rabbits or other
suitable animals that is directed against human IgG and C. it is used to
perform the anti-human globulin or Coomb’s Test. The serum may
either be polyspecific (anti-IgC+C) or monospecific (anti-IgC or anti-C)
Cord Cell – Feta Cells obtained from the umbilical cord at birth maybe
contaminated with variations jelly
Enzyme – a substance capable of catalyzing a reaction. Enzymes are proteins
that induce chemical changes on other substance without being
changed themselves
Epitope – the position of the Ag that is directly involved in the interaction
In-vitro – outside the body
In-vivo – inside the body
Absorption / Adsorption – removal of unwanted substances
Elution – from absorption / adsorption with the Ab, the antigenic
determinants
Paratope – the part of the Ab that binds to the epitope

Half-Life – the trace that is required for the concentration of the substance
to be reduced by ½
Shelf Life – the amount of time blood or blood produce when they are
stored upon collection
Storage Life – life span, viability of the substance or material
Serum – liquid portion of clotted blood
Plasma – liquid portion of unclotted blood
Platelet – a round / oval disk
Compatibility – certain degree of similarity
Cross Match – testing a patient and prospective donors and compatibility

Major C: Recipient – serum tested with donor cells

Minor C: Recipient – cells tested with donor’s serum / plasma
Hemotheraphy – using blood for the treatment or replacement of loss
component (component hemotheraphy)
Phoeresis – removal of certain component from the blood (whole blood)
e.g. Plasma = plasma phoeresis
Agglutination – mechanisms of the Ag-Ab reaction
Agglutinin (Ab) And Agglutinogen (Ag) – components of agglutination
TOPIC NEXT MEETING:

Review on Antigen-
Antibody Characteristics