CONFLICT : THE

ARMING OF THE CONFLICT OVER

CONFLICT

LEADERSHIP
Philosophers and social
scientists have been
divided over two questions:
1 The degree to which humans in general, and
certain societies in particular, are characterized
more by conflict behavior than by consensus
2 The extentto which conflict, and not consensus, is
the crucial source of leadership that achieves
intended, comprehensive, and lasting change.
Ancient ways of
conflicts:
Heraclitus (Greek philosopher) : believed conflict was
inextricably woven into the structure of the universe.
Han Fei Tzu (Chinese philosopher) : considered war the arbiter
of men and nation in his writing in the third century B.C.E
Plato and Aristotle : defined humans as political and social
animals, given by nature to consensus and cooperation. They
also founders of the great conservative tradition that would
develop in the West, a tradition that would have little place for
deviants, rebels, revolutionasries or other sources of social
conflict.
Plato : saw his Greek society endangered by “the madness
of the multitude” that threatened the “very small remnant”
of “champions of justice”. Harmony would prevail only in an
ideal polis ruled by that “small remnant” and only with the
identification by citizen of their interests with the interests
of all.
Aristotle : found the elite truly capable of consensus and
leadership. “The wish,” he said, “for what is morally right.”
But the “inferior classes” aimed only “to grab something
selfishly” so that “faction is their normal condition.”
St. Auqustine : saw humans as inherently conflict-ridden
with fierce drives to control othersand gain material goods
and sexual satisfaction.
Thomas Aquinas (followed Aristotle) : holding that humans
were naturally consensual but also naturally unequal in their
Yet Aquinas : believed optimistically that as men’s
reasoning powers expended, conflict would diminish.
Hobbles and Machiavelli : pessimists about human nature,
but saw the virtues of conflict.
Hobbles : conflict bred by natural selfishness became
motivation to consensus ; for self-protection from war
where “every man is enemy to every man”.
Machiavelli : studied how leaders might exploit and
manipulate society’s pervasive conflicts to create a stable
and prosperous state.
New ways of conflicts :
•Thomas Malthus : expected the struggle for existence to accelerate as
human population increased.
•Adam Smith : centered his theory of economic progress in the
competitive pursuit of self-interest.
•Charles Darwin : defined evolution as an eternal battle for survival
and growth, and scientists traced the evolutionary roots of human
conflict to its existence among all vertebrates, most recognizably
primates.
•Austro (Hungarian social analyst Ludwig Gumplowicz) : saw group
conflict driving social and cultural evolution.
•Vilfredo Pareto (Italian sociologist) : argued that all history was an
interminable struggle for supremacy among elites punctuated by
“sudden spurts” of revolutionary violence, as a new elite displaced
the old.
•James Madison : opinioned his idea of liberal progress on the checks and
balances of a constitution responding to the countless factions in the new
republic.

•William Graham Sumner : based his theory of progress on the Darwinist

“Competition of life” – the “rivalry, antagonism, and mutual displacement”
produced by the efforts of each person “to carry on the struggle for
existence for himself”.

•Lester Ward : assumed a “perpetual and vigorous struggle” among

antagonistic “social forces” that resulted “in a march forward to greater
social efficiency and higher civilisation.”

•Early twentieth American Sociologist : began to discover equilibrium and

adjustment as the keys to understanding society, at least the American
brand. Order became the dominant, if not always acknowledged, value in
assessing societies. These analysts did not ignore conflict an change but
saw them as either absorbed into a larger continuity or as marks of
dysfunction and breakdown. Their model was of an essentially orderly,
structured and self-perpetuating system.
•Talcott Parsons : scrutinized in exquisite detail the great balancing
forces that conserved the equilibrium of a nation or a community,
and how deviant tendencies sources of conflict could be
counteracted and the system restored to the old equilibrium state.
He helped foster a generation of sociologists and others that placed
a distinctly establishmentarian emphasis on consensus and stability,
amounting to a vindication of the status quo

•C. Wright Mills : charged with its magical elimination of conflict and
its wondrous achievement of harmony, the Parsons school could give
no systematic account of how history itself occurs, of its mechanics
and processes.

•Ralph Dahrendorf : proposed that all that is creativity, innovation and

development in the life of the individual, his group, and his society is
due to no small extent to the operation.
The Leadership of Conflict

“They were also masters and victims of conflict”

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Nonviolent conflict

Conflict begin in the never ending-struggle among individual

and group for greater shares for satisfying material wants.
Including drives for status and power

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Important of Nonviolent conflict

Powerful force for vitalizing

democracy
invigorating leadership
fostering social integration
stability
Why nonviolent instead of violent to archieve human
need?
It divert analysis into turbulent world of physical,unpredictable
military event and to grab chance

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Elias Tacunan - Peru
How does Peru achieve reformation?
Elias Tacunan preaches land reform,education and
political organization
1930
Tacunan organized his native village and slowly
moved outward across the sierra
Teaching the villagers political tools
Due to this, he prisoned by the military, but Tacunan
concentrated on organizing his grassroot.
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1963
His voter registration drive help to elect the reformist
president, Fernando Bellaounde Terry.
1975
Tacunan died suddenly of the heart attack

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Martin Luther King Jr. -
America
20th Centuries
Conflict began when Democratic party only focus for white
economic elites and ignores the interest and welfare of huge
number of whites as well as black
Martin Luther King and hundreds of other black leader
challenge the white supremacy

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He and his supporter conduct a protest
meeting,demonstrations, boycott,sit-ins, marches
Their sustained determined nonviolent provoked arrest by
the thousand
1964 &1965
The protestor won key victories and won civil and voting
right acts

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Caesar

People followed Caesar because they loved resources he

controlled -wealth and title and so made him “master over
us”.
There are people prefer peace over war, bread over
circuses, freedom from want over rank individualism,
leadership over rule.

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Others Significant Leader
Mahatma Ghandi
against British empire
Nelson Mandela
defeat the apartied in South Africa

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