TRANSFORMER

OLEH
MOHD ZHAHIR B OTHMAN

Program Kejuruteraan Elektrik

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 APA ITU TRANSFORMER
Sebuah alat elektrik yang boleh menaikkan
atau menurunkan voltan arus ulangalik atau
memindahkan kuasa dari satu litar ke satu
litar lain tanpa ada perubahan kepada
frekuensi

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 PRINSIP ASAS
Energy can be efficiently transferred by
magnetic induction from one set of coils to
another set of coils by means of a varying
magnetic flux produced by an alternating
current

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 CORE

P S

Vertical portion of the core is called LIMBS

Top and bottom portions are called the YOKES

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 HOW IT WORKS
Coil P is primary winding connected to the
supply. Coil S is secondary winding and is
connected to the load. The AC voltage
applied to P circulate an alternating current
through the winding, and this current
produces an alternating flux in the core. If
the whole of the flux passes through S, the
emf induced in each turn is the same for P
and S
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 Input = Output

V1 x I1 = V2 x I2

I2 = V1
I1 V2

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 TRANSFORMER LOSS
• No Load Loss – histerisis loss and eddy
current loss, constant loss once voltage is
applied irrespective of load
• Load loss – copper loss or I²R loss (heat
loss), the amount of loss depend on the load
of the transformer

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 TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY
• It is expressed in percentage and equal to (output
in watts x 100) x (output in watts + total losses in
watts)
• Total losses consist of a fixed loss in the iron and
the copper loss which is proportional to I²
• The maximum efficiency is obtained when the
copper and iron losses are equal
• As copper loss at full load is typically equal to
four times the iron loss, then the maximum
efficiency is usually obtained at half load
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 EFFICIENCY TABLE
kVA 1000 750 500 1000 750 500
P.F 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8
Load (kW) 1000 750 500 800 600 400
Iron Loss 3.515 3.515 3.515 3.515 3.515 3.515
Cu Loss 11.6 6.52 2.9 11.6 6.52 2.9
Tot. Loss 15.11 10.03 6.415 15.11 10.03 6.415
Eff (%) 98.51 98.68 98.73 98.14 98.36 98.42
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 KVA RATING
The power capacity of the Power
Transformer e.g 300kVA, 1000kVA,
2MVA etc.

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 RATED VOLTAGE
Voltage between line terminals at the high
voltage side or the low voltage side such as
11,000/433 volt

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 RATED CURRENT
Current flowing through a line terminal of a
winding, derived by dividing the rated
power of the winding and by an appropriate
power factor

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 FREQUENCY

50Hz
60Hz

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 TYPES OF COOLING
• AN (air natural) – dry type transformer
• ONAN (Oil Natural Air Natural)
• ONAF (Oil Natural Air Forced)
• OFAF (Oil Forced Air Forced)
• OFAN (Oil Forced Air Natural)

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 IMPEDANCE VOLT %
The difference between the rated voltage of
a winding and the voltage developed at a
specified load and power factor, the voltage
supplied to the other winding being at its
rated value

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 WINDING

Delta connected windings or Star connected

windings

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 VECTOR GROUP
• Dyn 11 (lagging by 30 degrees)
• Dyn 1 (leading by 30 degrees)

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 CORE AND WINDING
WEIGHT

In kg or metric ton

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 TRANSFORMER OIL
• Act as an insulant and thermal transfer
agent
• Mineral hydrocarbon oil to BS 148
• Sometimes synthetic liquids, called askarels
(pyroclor) are used instead of oil as they are
non-inflammable and non-explosive but
very expensive

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 OIL WEIGHT

In kg

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 OIL CAPACITY

In litre or gallon

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 MAX TEMPERATURE RISE

The difference between the temperature of

part under consideration and the
temperature of cooling air – in degrees C

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SEALED TYPE TRANSFORMER

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 SEALED TYPE TRANSFORMER

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 TEMPERATURE
INDICATOR

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 OIL IMMERSED
TRANSFORMER

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FEEDER PILLAR OF COMPACT SUBSTATION

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 TOP VIEW

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 FEEDER PILLAR

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HERMETICALLY SEALED TRANSFORMER

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 SEALED TYPE TRANSFORMER

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 TECHNICAL DATA 11/0.433kV Dyn 11

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 TECHNICAL DATA 22/0.433kV Dyn 11

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 TECHNICAL DATA 33/0.433kv Dyn 11

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 TECHNICAL DATA 33/11KV

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 TECHNICAL DATA 132/11KV

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TECHNICAL DATA OF EARTHING TRANSFORMER

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 LARGE
TRANSFORMER

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 EARTHING TRANSFORMER

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 33/11KV TRANSFORMER

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 33/11KV TRANSFORMER

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 132/11KV TRANSFORMER

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 132/11KV TRANSFORMER

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 WINDING

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 DRY TYPE TRANSFORMER

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DRY TYPE TRANSFORMER WITH
HOUSING

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 RING MAIN UNIT

TRANSFORMER

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 COMPACT SUBSTATION

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 COMPACT SUB-STATION

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 FEEDER PILLAR &
DISTRIBUTION BOARD
• 1600A, 10 fuseways
• 800A, 6 fuseways
• 400A outdoor mini feeder pillar, 6 nos
outgoing
• Transformer from 300 kVA to 1000 kVA

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 STREET LIGHTING FEEDER
PILLAR
• 100A up to 6 ways 60A outgoing
• 50A single phase panel box/Meter

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 NAME PLATE

Displays the transformer model specifications

for safe operation and maintenance of the
unit

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 NAME
PLATE

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 NAME PLATE
• kVA rating – 1000kVA
• Rated voltage, Rated current – 11/.433kV, 1600A
• Frequency – 50Hz
• Phase – 3 phase
• Winding – star or delta connected
• Type of cooling – ONAN
• Impedance volt (%) – 4%
• Vector group – Dyn 11
• Oil capacity – in liters
• Oil weight – in kilogram
• Max temperature rise – 40 degrees
• Tap changer – 5 taps or more
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 RELIEVE
VALVE

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 MAIN TANK

Metallic tanks to house the transformer

windings and transformer oil

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 CONSERVATOR TANK
Smaller tank on top of the transformer
partially filled with transformer oil and the
rest filled with air. It is as an expansion area
for the oil when it is hot and also as a place
where oil level indicator and temperature
indicators are located – Hermetically sealed
transformers are without conservator tank

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 CONSERVATOR TANK

COOLING FIN
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 RADIATORS/COOLING FIN

Part of the transformer tank with a number of

small tubes where hot oil is passed through
for heat dissipation to the surrounding air

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 COOLING
FIN

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CABLE TERMINATION/BOX
Where H.T and L.V cable are terminated
and closed for the purpose of safety and to
avoid enviromental disturbants, however
thesedays for indoor transformer some of
them are without cable box instead cable
termination are used

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 LV & HV BUSHING

Insulating materials made of porcelain to

provide insulation between cable and cable
and also body of the transformer

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 HV BUSHING

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 LV BUSHING

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 HT
BUSHING
AND
SPARK
GAP

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DEHYDRATING BREATHER
To provide a passage for the flow of air in
and out of the transformer when the process
of expansion and contraction of transformer
oil and also to contain silica gel that absorb
moisture

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 BREATHER

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 CABLE BOX

BREATHER

OUTLET

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 BREATHER

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 TAP CHANGER
To increase and decrease output voltage. It is
on the high voltage side. Standard tap
changer consists of 5 tapping positions
(+5%, +2.5%, 0, -2.5%, -5% ) and can be
more than 5 tappings
Off load tap changer
On load tap changer (>33kV)

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 TAP
CHANGER

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 TAP CHANGER

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 WINDINGS
• Primary winding (inner side)
• Secondary winding (outer side)
• LV winding is in the form of copper plate
• Voltage/turn
• Ampere/turn

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 OIL LEVEL GAUGE

To indicate the level of transformer oil

The level low when oil is cool
And high when the oil is hot

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 OIL LEVEL
GAUGE

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 TEMPERATURE GAUGE

To indicate the temperature of the winding

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 TEMPERATURE
INDICATOR

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 OIL TEMP GAUGE

To indicate the temperature of the oil

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 THERMOMETER

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 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE
Safety pressure relief valve, the valve will
open when the pressure inside the
transformer tank exceed certain limit

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 BUCHHOLZ RELAY
A mechanical relay connected through pipe
and situated between main tank and
conservator tank of a transformer. Only
certain kVA transformer need to be installed
with one, normally above 1MVA. It will be
connected to the trip coil of the circuit
breaker controlling the transformer or the
installation
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BUCHHOLZ RELAY

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 COOLING FAN
For big transformers the natural air cooling no
more adequate especially during peak load.
The fan will force air to the cooling fin of
the transformer to expedite the removal of
heat from it

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 OIL MOTOR PUMP
For oil force cooling method (OFAF), the
oil need a pump to make it circulate faster.
The electric pump normally getting single
phase supply from LV source

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 COOLING SYSTEM
• AN – air natural
• ONAN – oil natural air natural
• ONAF – oil natural air force
• OFAF – oil force air force

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TRANSFORMER EARTHING
• Body/frame earth
• Star point earth
• Neutral earth

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 HIGH
VOLTAGE
BUSHING

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 LOW
VOLTAGE
BUSHING

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 HIGH
VOLTAGE
CABLE

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 LOW
VOLTAGE
CABLE

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 PARALLELLING OF
TRANSFORMER
• Same voltage ratio
• Same phase angle / Vector group
• Same percentage impedance
• Same polarity
• Same phase sequence

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 MAINTENANCE
If a transformer is to give a long and trouble
free service, it should receive a reasonable
amount of attention and maintenance. The
principle objective is to maintain the
insulation in good condition. Moisture, dirt
and excessive heat are the main causes of
insulation deterioration

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 OIL
• General physical check for any sign of oil
leakage at gasket, radiator, tank,
conservator, pipes and valves
• If minor leakage, tighten bolts and nuts
• If leakage persist, have the leakage part of
the gasket replaced
• Oil in conservator tank should always be
kept at its maximum level indicated
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 OIL TEST
• Dielectric test, should exceed 30kV average
• Acidity in oil is 0.5mg of KOH per gram of
oil, exceeding 1.00mg of KOH oil should be
changed immediately, 0.5 – 1.00mg is to
test again after a period of 3 months
• Or when chloroform – soluble sludge is
produced

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 TEMPERATURE
• Normally a receptacle located at the
transformer main tank top is provided for a
thermometer to be placed into it. A period of
5 to 10 minutes should be allowed to
elapsed before reading is taken
• The maximum normal operating
temperature of the winding is 90 degrees C

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 BUSHING

• Check for cleaniness and crack

• Check for leak at the bushing gasket
• Tighten nuts around bushing gasket if
necessary

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 BREATHER
• Check the colour of the silica gel,
dehydrated silica gel is blue in colour, it
turns pink when hydrated, change new one
or heat it in an oven to dehydrated it
• Clean the breather if necessary
• Check the rubber of cork sheet gasket of the
breather
• Check the oil seal is kept at the correct level

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 CONSERVATOR TANK

• Check the oil level, top up if necessary

• Oil gauge glass should be cleaned to enable
oil level to be seen clearly
• Check for any oil leakage

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 OTHERS
• Clean name plate
• Repaint if necessary
• Check numbering if more than one
transformer in a room or sub-station
• Check both HT and LV cable termination
and support are good
• Clean transformer room, door, exhaust fan

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 TESTING
• Ratio test
• Pressure test (HT side)
• Insulation test (HT and LV)
• Polarity test
• Open circuit test
• Short circuit test

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 TEST
RESULT

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