Chapter 10 Part D

The Muscular
System

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

prepared by
Karen Dunbar Kareiva
© Annie Leibovitz/Contact Press Images
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Ivy Tech Community College
 Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and
Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and
Leg
• Grouped according to anterior, medial, or
posterior
• Most anterior muscles flex femur at hip, extend
leg at knee (foreswing of walking)
• Most posterior muscles extend thigh, flex leg
(backswing of walking)
• Medial muscles all adduct thigh
• All three groups enclosed by fascia lata

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 Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and
Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and
Leg (cont.)
• Include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
circumduction, and rotation
• Thigh flexors pass in front of hip joint
– Iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major): prime
mover of flexion
– Tensor fasciae latae
– Rectus femoris
– Assisted by medial adductors and sartorius
• Thigh extensors
– Hamstring muscles: prime movers of extension
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Table 10.14-1 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg

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Figure 10.20a Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg.

12th thoracic
vertebra
12th rib

Quadratus lumborum

Psoas minor
Iliac crest
Psoas major
Iliopsoas
Iliacus 5th lumbar
Anterior superior iliac spine vertebra

Tensor fascia lata

Pectineus

Adductor longus
Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris Gracilis
• Rectus femoris
Adductor magnus

• Vastus lateralis

• Vastus medialis
Tendon of
quadriceps femoris
Patella

Patellar
ligament

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 Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and
Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and
Leg (cont.)
• Adductors (also medially rotate thigh) are used
in movements that press thighs together
• Overstretched thigh muscles are referred to as
“pulled groin”
– Adductor magnus
– Adductor longus
– Adductor brevis
– Pectineus
– Gracilis
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Table 10.14-2 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (continued)

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Figure 10.20b Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg.

Pectineus
(cut)
O O
Adductor Adductor
brevis magnus
I
Adductor
longus I

I
Femur
I
O = origin
I = insertion

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 Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and
Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and
Leg (cont.)
• Quadriceps femoris arises from four separate
heads that form the flesh of front and side of
thigh
• All insert into the quadriceps tendon, which then
inserts into the patella, and then via patellar
ligament, into the tibial tuberosity
• Powerful knee extensor

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Table 10.14-3 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (continued)

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Figure 10.20a Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg.

12th thoracic
vertebra
12th rib

Quadratus lumborum

Psoas minor
Iliac crest
Psoas major
Iliopsoas
Iliacus 5th lumbar
Anterior superior iliac spine vertebra

Tensor fascia lata

Pectineus

Adductor longus
Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris Gracilis
• Rectus femoris
Adductor magnus

• Vastus lateralis

• Vastus medialis
Tendon of
quadriceps femoris
Patella

Patellar
ligament

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Figure 10.20c Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg.

Vastus
lateralis
Vastus
intermedius
Vastus
medialis Rectus femoris
tendon (cut)
Patella
Patellar
ligament
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 Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and
Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and
Leg (cont.)
• Abductors and lateral rotators
– Gluteus maximus (also laterally rotates thigh)
– Gluteus medius (also medially rotates thigh)
– Gluteus minimus (also medially rotates thigh)
– Piriformis (also laterally rotates thigh)
– Obturator externus (also laterally rotates thigh)
– Obturator internus (also laterally rotates thigh)
– Gemellus (also laterally rotates thigh)

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Table 10.14-4 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (continued)

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Figure 10.21a Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.

Gluteus medius

Gluteus
maximus

Adductor
magnus
Gracilis

Iliotibial
tract

Long head
Biceps
Short head femoris

Hamstrings
Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

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Figure 10.21b Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.

External
oblique Lumbar
fascia
Iliac
crest
Gluteus
medius
Median
sacral
crest Adductor
(of sacrum) magnus

Gluteus Gracilis
maximus

Iliotibial Biceps
tract femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
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Table 10.14-5 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (continued)

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Figure 10.21c Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.

Gluteus medius
(cut)
Gluteus minimus

Superior
gemellus Piriformis
Obturator Obturator
internus externus
Inferior Quadratus
gemellus femoris

Gluteus
maximus
(cut)

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Figure 10.21d Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.

Obturator
externus

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 Table 10.14: Muscles Crossing the Hip and
Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and
Leg (cont.)
• Hamstrings are fleshy muscles of posterior thigh
• Cross both the hip and knee joints
• Are prime movers of thigh extension and knee
flexion
• Innervated by sciatic nerve
• “Pulled hamstring” is a common sports injury

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Table 10.14-6 Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints: Movements of the Thigh and Leg (continued)

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Figure 10.21a Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.

Gluteus medius

Gluteus
maximus

Adductor
magnus
Gracilis

Iliotibial
tract

Long head
Biceps
Short head femoris

Hamstrings
Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

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Figure 10.21b Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.

External
oblique Lumbar
fascia
Iliac
crest
Gluteus
medius
Median
sacral
crest Adductor
(of sacrum) magnus

Gluteus Gracilis
maximus

Iliotibial Biceps
tract femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
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 Table 10.15: Muscles of the Leg: Movements
of the Ankle and Toes
• Deep fascia of leg is continuous with fascia lata
• Segregates leg into three compartments:
anterior, lateral, and posterior
• Fascia thickens distally; forms flexor, extensor,
and fibular retinacula

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 Table 10.15: Muscles of the Leg: Movements
of the Ankle and Toes (cont.)
• Various leg muscles produce the following
movements
– Ankle: dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
– Intertarsal joints: inversion and eversion of the
foot
– Toes: flexion and extension

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 Table 10.15: Muscles of the Leg: Movements
of the Ankle and Toes (cont.)
• Muscles of anterior compartment
– Primary toe extensors and ankle dorsiflexors
• Tibialis anterior
• Extensor digitorum longus
• Fibularis tertius (not always present)
• Extensor hallucis longus

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Table 10.15-1 Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes

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Figure 10.22a Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg.

Fibularis longus

Gastrocnemius

Tibia
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum
longus
Soleus

Extensor hallucis
longus
Fibularis tertius

Superior and inferior

extensor retinacula

Extensor hallucis
brevis

Extensor digitorum
brevis

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Figure 10.22b Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg.

Tibialis
anterior

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Figure 10.22c Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg.

Extensor
hallucis
longus
O

Fibularis
tertius

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Figure 10.22d Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg.

Extensor
digitorum
longus

O = origin
I = insertion

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 Table 10.15: Muscles of the Leg: Movements
of the Ankle and Toes (cont.)
• Muscles of the lateral compartment of
the leg
– Plantar flexion and eversion of the foot; stabilize
lateral ankle and lateral longitudinal arch of foot
– Fibularis longus
– Fibularis brevis

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Table 10.15-2 Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes (continued)

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Figure 10.23a Muscles of the lateral compartment of the right leg.

Patella

Head of fibula

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Fibularis
longus
Extensor
digitorum
longus
Tibialis
anterior

Extensor hallucis
Fibularis longus
brevis Fibularis tertius
Superior and inferior
Flexor extensor retinacula
hallucis Extensor hallucis
longus brevis
Extensor digitorum
Fibular brevis
retinaculum
Lateral
malleolus

Metatarsal V

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Figure 10.23b Muscles of the lateral compartment of the right leg.

O = origin
I = insertion

Fibularis
longus

Tendon of
fibularis longus
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Figure 10.23c Muscles of the lateral compartment of the right leg.

O = origin
I = insertion

Fibularis
brevis

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 Table 10.15: Muscles of the Leg: Movements
of the Ankle and Toes (cont.)
• Muscles of the posterior compartment of the
leg
– Act to plantar flex the ankle
– All are innervated by tibial nerve
– Divided into:
• Superficial muscles
• Deep muscles

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Table 10.15-3 Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes (continued)

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Figure 10.24a Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.

Plantaris

Medial
Gastroc- head
nemius Lateral
head

Tendon of
gastrocnemius

Calcaneal
tendon
Medial
malleolus Lateral
malleolus

Calcaneus

Superficial view of the posterior leg.

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Figure 10.24b Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.

Lateral
head Plantaris
(cut)
Gastroc-
Medial
nemius
head Popliteus
(cut) Head of
fibula

Soleus

Tendon of
plantaris

Fibularis
longus

Fibularis
brevis

Tendon of
tibialis
posterior

The gastrocnemius has been removed to show the soleus

immediately deep to it.
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Table 10.15-4 Muscles of the Leg: Movements of the Ankle and Toes (continued)

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Figure 10.24c Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.

Plantaris (cut)
Gastrocnemius
Gastroc- lateral head (cut)
nemius
medial head Popliteus
(cut)
Soleus (cut)

Tibialis posterior
Fibula

Fibularis
longus
Flexor
digitorum
longus
Flexor hallucis
longus

Fibularis brevis

Tendon of
tibialis posterior
Medial
malleolus
Calcaneal
tendon (cut)
Calcaneus

The triceps surae has been removed to show the

deep muscles of the posterior compartment.
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Figure 10.24d Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.

O = origin
I = insertion

Tibialis
posterior

Isolated tibialis
posterior.
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Figure 10.24e Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.

O = origin
I = insertion

Flexor
digitorum
longus

Isolated flexor
digitorum longus.
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Figure 10.24f Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.

O = origin
O I = insertion

Popliteus
I

O
Flexor
hallucis
longus

Isolated
popliteus and
flexor hallucis
longus.
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 Table 10.16: Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot:
Toe Movement and Arch Support
• Muscles that flex, extend, abduct, and adduct
toes
• Support arches of foot; some leg tendons assist
• Extensor digitorum brevis: dorsal foot muscle;
helps extend toes

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Table 10.16-1 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support

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 Table 10.16: Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot:
Toe Movement and Arch Support (cont.)
• Four layers of plantar muscles
– Superficial
– Second layer
– Third layer
– Deepest layer

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Table 10.16-1 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support

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Figure 10.25a Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect.

Tendon of
flexor hallucis longus
Lumbricals

Flexor hallucis
brevis
Flexor digiti
minimi brevis
Abductor hallucis

Flexor digitorum
brevis

Flexor accessorius

Abductor digiti
minimi

Calcaneal
tuberosity

First layer (plantar aspect)

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Table 10.16-1 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support

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Figure 10.25b Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect.

Lumbricals
Flexor hallucis
brevis
Flexor hallucis
longus tendon
Flexor digitorum
longus (tendon)
Flexor digiti
minimi brevis
Abductor digiti
minimi
Flexor accessorius
Fibularis longus (tendon)
Flexor digitorum
longus (tendon)
Flexor hallucis
longus (tendon)

Second layer (plantar aspect)

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Table 10.16-2 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support (continued)

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Figure 10.25c Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect.

Adductor hallucis
(transverse head)
Adductor hallucis
(oblique head)
Interosseous
muscles
Flexor hallucis
brevis
Flexor digiti
minimi brevis
Fibularis longus (tendon)
Flexor accessorius

Flexor digitorum
longus (tendon)

Flexor hallucis
longus (tendon)

Third layer (plantar aspect)

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Table 10.16-2 Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: Toe Movement and Arch Support (continued)

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Figure 10.25d Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect.

Plantar
interossei

Fourth layer (plantar aspect):

plantar interossei
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Figure 10.25e Muscles of the right foot, plantar aspect.

Dorsal
interossei

Fourth layer (dorsal aspect):

dorsal interossei
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 Table 10.17: Summary: Actions of Muscles
Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot
• Summary of Tables 10.14 through 10.16

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Table 10.17-1 Summary: Actions of Muscles Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot

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Table 10.17-2 Summary: Actions of Muscles Acting on the Thigh, Leg, and Foot (continued)

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Figure 10.26a Summary: Actions of muscles of the thigh and leg.

Adductors Hamstrings

Vastus
lateralis

Femur

Posterior compartment of thigh

Vastus
(flexes leg and extends thigh); innervated by tibial
intermedius
nerve (portion of sciatic nerve)
Key: Rectus femoris
Posterior Vastus medialis
compartment
muscles

Anterior
compartment
muscles

Medial
compartment Medial compartment of thigh
muscles of thigh (adducts thigh); innervated by obturator nerve
Anterior compartment of thigh
and lateral
(extends leg); innervated by femoral nerve
compartment
muscles of leg Muscles of the thigh

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Figure 10.26b Summary: Actions of muscles of the thigh and leg.

Triceps surae
Fibula
Fibularis
muscles

Posterior compartment of leg

(plantar flexes foot, flexes toes);
innervated by tibial nerve
Tibialis
Key: anterior
Posterior
Lateral compartment of leg Tibia
compartment
(plantar flexes and everts foot);
muscles
innervated by superficial
Anterior fibular nerve
compartment Muscles of the leg
Anterior compartment of leg
muscles (dorsiflexes foot, extends toes);
innervated by deep fibular nerve
Medial
compartment
muscles of thigh
and lateral
compartment
muscles of leg

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