PHOTOSYNTH

ESIS

EDDIE M.
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• A chemical process that
converts carbon dioxide
into organic compounds,
especially sugars, using
the energy from sunlight.
• Photosynthesis occurs in
plants, algae, and many
species of bacteria, but
not in archaea.
Photosynthetic organisms
are called PHOTOAUTOTROPHS.

General reaction of
photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2 O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Light from the sun is composed of wavelengths (colors).
• The shorter the wavelength the higher the frequency,
thus the higher the energy.
• The longer the wavelength the lower the frequency,
thus the lower the energy.
 SUNLIGHT
(a.k.a. White Light)
• Sunlight is actually white light made of all
wavelength colors.
• Sunlight is a visible light.
• Different colors = Different wavelengths of light.

THE VISIBLE
Violet – Indigo –SPECTRUM
Blue – Green – Yellow – Orange – Red
 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM
• This is what scientist called radiation waves
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all
possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.
• Radiation is energy that travels and spreads as it goes.
Examples:
X-rays, gamma rays, visible light, microwaves,
etc.
• The electromagnetic spectrum is organized according
to wavelengths.
 PHOTONS
• A photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the
electromagnetic interaction and the basic unit of light and
all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. Discreet
amounts of light energy.
• Photons are not object, but each one has a distinct amount
of energy.
Example:
violet photons contain almost twice as much energy as
red photons.
*violet wavelength= 380 nm= high frequency= high energy
*red wavelength= 750 nm= low frequency= low energy
 CHLOROPHYLL
•Chlorophyll is a green
photosynthetic pigment found
in chloroplasts of plants.
•There are 2 main types of
chlorophyll.
(Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b)

• Green is the least efective

color for photosynthesis
because it is reflected.
What you see is reflected.
Everything else is absorbed
•Thus, red and blue are most
effective for photosynthesis
 2 TYPES OF
CHLOROPHYLL
Chlorophyll a- is a specific Chlorophyll b- helps in
form of chlorophyll used in photosynthesis by absorbing light
oxygenic photosynthesis. It energy. It is more soluble than
absorbs most energy from chlorophyll a in polar solvents
because of its carbonyl group.
wavelengths of violet-blue and
orange-red light.
 LIGHT ENERGY AND
WATER
• In photosynthesis, light energy is used to split water
molecules.
• This process is called photolysis = when a chemical is broken
down by photons.
• Water is split into hydrogen ions, oxygen and electrons by
photons.
• ATP is also produced.
• ATP and H ions will be used to fix CO 2 to make organic
molecules.
• Photosynthesis relies on water and sunlight for its initial
reaction.
 PHOTOSYSTEMS
•Photosystems are arrangements of chlorophyll
and other pigments packed into thylakoids.
•Many Prokaryotes have only one photosystem,
Photosystem II (so numbered because, while it
was most likely the first to evolve, it was the
second one discovered).
•There are 2 photosystems:
(Photosystem I and Photosystem II)
 PHOTOSYSTEM I PHOTOSYSTEM II

• The second • the first protein

photosystem in complex in the
the Light-dependent
photosynthetic reactions.
light reactions of • It is located in
algae, plants, the thylakoid
and some membrane of
bacteria. plants, algae,
and
cyanobacteria.
 STAGES OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 LIGHT DEPENDENT PROCESS
(LIGHT REACTION)
• Is a process which requires light.
• The light dependent process
occurs in the thylakoid
membranes of the chloroplast.
• Begins when light strikes a
molecule of chlorophyll and
excites electrons to a higher
energy state.
 LIGHT INDEPENDENT PROCESS
(DARK REACTION)
• Is a process which do not requires light.
• Occurs when the products of the Light
Reaction are used to form C-C covalent bonds
of carbohydrates.
• The dark reactions can usually occur in the
dark, if the energy carriers from the light
process are present.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 C-3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Plants that live in areas that get little light and
rainfall typically use C3 photosynthesis.
• Called C3 because the CO2 is first incorporated
into a 3-carbon compound.
• Stomata are open during the day.
• RUBISCO, the enzyme involved in photosynthesis,
is also the enzyme involved in the uptake of CO2.
• Photosynthesis takes place throughout the leaf
• Most plants use C-3 photosynthesis.
C-3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
ADAPTIVE VALUE:
• More efficient than C4
and CAM plants under
cool and moist
conditions and under
normal light because
requires less machinery
(fewer enzymes and no
specialized anatomy).
 C-4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Called C4 because the CO2 is first incorporated into a
4-carbon compound.
• Stomata are open during the day.
• Uses PEP Carboxylase for the enzyme involved in the
uptake of CO2. this enzyme allows CO2 to be taken
into the plant very quickly, and then it “delivers” the
CO2 directly to RUBISCO for photosynthesis.
• Photosynthesis takes place in inner cells (requires
special anatomy called Kranz Anatomy)
• C4 plants include several thousand species in at least
19 plant families.
C-4 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
ADAPTIVE VALUE:
• Photosynthesizes faster
than C-3 plants under high
light intensity and high
temperatures because the
CO2 is delivered directly to
RUBISCO, not allowing it
to grab oxygen and
undergo photorespiration.
 CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Called CAM after the plant family in which it was first
found (Crassulaceae) and because the CO2 is stored in
the form of an acid before used in photosynthesis.
• Stomata open at night (when evaporation rates are
usually lower) and are usually closed during the day.
The CO2 is converted to an acid and stored during the
night. During the day, the acid is broken down and the
CO2 is released to RUBISCO for photosynthesis.
• CAM plants include many succulents such as cactuses
and agaves and also sme orchids and bromeliads.
CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS
ADAPTIVE VALUE:
• Better water use
efficiency than C3 plants
under arid conditions due
to opening stomata at
night when transpiration
rates are lower (no
sunlight, lower
temperatures, lower wind
speeds, etc.).
 The Members

Kim Moesha Bautista Janica Rose Delos Reyes

Ann Shirley Sia Jayson Bill Naces
Jemimah Torrado Leomar Bagusto
Marion Liday Karl Alfonso Sudido
Leonard Castillo