EMT 112 / 4

ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS
Lecture II
Multistage Amplifiers
[Cascode Connections]

March 18, 2008 (Week XIII)

1200 – 1400
DKQ 1
 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Cascode connection V CC

- A cascode RC
connection has one R1 CC2

transistor on top of CB vo
(in series with) Q2 RL
another R2
CC1
- The i/p applied to a Q1

C-E amp. (Q1)

whose output is vs R3
RE CE
used to drive a C-B
amp. (Q2)
 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Cascode connection V CC

- The o/p signal of Q1 RC

becomes the i/p signal R1 CC2
of Q2 CB vo
Q2 RL

R2
CC1
Q1

vs R3
RE CE
 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Cascode connection V CC

- The advantage: RC
provides a high i/p R1 CC2
impedance with low vo
CB
voltage gain to Q2 RL
ensure the i/p Miller
R2
capacitance is at a
CC1
min. with the C-B Q1
stage providing good
high freq. operation v
s R3 CE
RE
 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Cascode connection V CC
I1
DC analysis R1 RC  1 I B1 
1 I B1  2  
May be performed 1 2 1 2 
I  Q2
using the following I1   1 B1 
figure; 1 2 
R2
I B1 1 I B1
Q1
I 
I1   1 B1   I B1
1 2  1  1 I B1
R3 RE
 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Cascode connection

V CC
The equations are I1

(assuming VBE = 0.7 V R1 RC  1 I B1 

1 I B1  2  
for both BJT’s); 1 2 1 2 
I  Q2
I1   1 B1 
1 2 
R2
I B1 1 I B1

 1 I B1  Q1
R1 I1  R2  I1   I 
  1 B1   I B1
2 1 
I

1
1 2  1  1 I B1
RE
 1 I B1 
R3

 R3  I1   I B1   VCC
 2 1 
 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Cascode connection

And; V CC
I1

 1I B1 
R1 RC  1 I B1 
1 I B1  2  
R3  I1   I B1  1 2 1 2 
 2 1  I 
I1   1 B1  Q2
1 2 
 0.7  RE 1  1I B1 R2
I B1 1 I B1
Q1
I 
I1   1 B1   I B1
The above equations 1 2  1  1 I B1
may solved for the two R3 RE
unknown currents
namely I1 and IB1.
 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Cascode connection

AC analysis Q2
vo
Q1
vs
R L'
R BB

RBB  R2 // R3 RL ' RC // RL

The equivalent circuit under AC condition

 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Cascode connection
C2
vo

B1 C1 E2 g mv  2 R L'
vs
+ +
R BB r 1 v 1 r 2 v 2
- g mv  1 -
E1 B2

RBB  R2 // R3 RL ' RC // RL

The ac equivalent circuit using hybrid- model for BJT

 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Cascode connection
C2
vo

B1 C1 E2 g mv  2 R L'
vs
+ +
R BB r 1 v 1 r 2 v 2
- g mv  1 -
E1 B2

vo   g m 2v 2 RL ' 1

 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Cascode connection
C2
vo

B1 C1 E2 g mv  2 R L'
vs
+ +
R BB r 1 v 1 r 2 v 2
- g mv  1 -
E1 B2

At node E2;
v 2 g m1r 2 v 1
g m1v 1   g m 2 v 2 Or; v 2 
r 2 1  g m 2 r 2
 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Cascode connection
C2
vo

B1 C1 E2 g mv  2 R L'
vs
+ +
R BB r 1 v 1 r 2 v 2
- g mv  1 -
E1 B2

Substituting in (1);

 g m1 g m 2 r 2   2 
vo    RL ' v 1   g m1   RL ' vs
 1  g m 2 r 2   1  2 
 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Cascode connection

The small-signal voltage gain;

vo  2 
Av    g m1   RL '
vs  1  2 

When 2 >> 1

Av   g m1RL '
 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Cascode connection V CC +15 V Compute the
Example 4 approximate small-
RC signal voltage gain
R1 5 kW CC2
76 kW
CB vo
Q2 RL 5 kW

R2 28 kW
CC1
Q1 1   2  150
VBE1  VBE2  0.7 V
vs R3 VT  26 mV
37 kW RE CE
3 kW
 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Example 4 – Solution
V CC +15 V

DC analysis I1
R1 76 kW RC 5 kW
1 I B1  1 I B1 
1 2  2  
I  1 2 
I1   1 B1  Q2
1 2 
R2 28 kW
I B1 1 I B1
Q1
I 
I1   1 B1   I B1
1 2  1  1 I B1
R3 37 kW RE 3 kW

The circuit under DC condition

 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Example 4 – Solution (cont’d)
V CC +15 V
I1
 1 I B1 
R1 I1  R2  I1   R1 76 kW
1 I B1
RC 5 kW
 2 1  1 2
 1 I B1 
 2  
I  1 2 
 1 I B1  I1   1 B1  Q2
 R3  I1   I B1   VCC 1 2 
 2 1  R2 28 kW
I B1 1 I B1
Q1
I 
I1   1 B1   I B1
1 2  1  1 I B1
R3 37 kW RE 3 kW
 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Example 4 – Solution (cont’d)

Substituting values;

 150 I B1   150 I B1 
76kI1  28k I1    37k I1   I B1   15
 150  1   150  1 

141I1  101.54I B1  15 103 1

 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Example 4 – Solution (cont’d)
V CC +15 V
I1
 1I B1 

R3  I1   I B1  R1 76 kW
1 I B1
RC 5 kW
 2 1  1 2
 1 I B1 
 2  
1 2 
 0.7  RE 1  1I B1 I 
I1   1 B1  Q2
1 2 
R2 28 kW
I B1 1 I B1
Or;
Q1
I 
I1   1 B1   I B1
1 2  1  1 I B1
 1I B1 
R3  I1   I B1  R3 37 kW RE 3 kW
 2 1 
 RE 1  1I B1  0.7
 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Example 4 – Solution (cont’d)

Substituting values;

 
 I B1   3150  1I B1  0.7 10 3
150 I B1
37 I1 
 150  1 

37 I1  526.75I B1  0.7 103

Therefore;

I1  0.0189 103  14.24I B1 2

 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Example 4 – Solution (cont’d)

141I1  101.54I B1  15 103 1

I1  0.0189 103  14.24I B1 2

Substituting for I1 in (1)

 
141 0.0189 103  14.24I B1  101.54I B1  15 103

12.335  10 3
I B1   6.47 A
1906.3
 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Example 4 – Solution (cont’d)

I CQ1  I B1  150  6.47 A  0.97 mA

V CC +15 V
I1

I E 2  I CQ1  0.97 mA
R1 76 kW RC 5 kW
1 I B1  1 I B1 
1 2  2  
I  1 2 
I1   1 B1  Q2
1 2 
R2 28 kW
1 I B1
I E2 0.97 I B1
I B2    6.42 A Q1
  1 151 I 
I1   1 B1   I B1
1 2  1  1 I B1
R3 37 kW RE 3 kW
I CQ 2  I B 2  150  6.42 A  0.964 mA
 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Example 4 – Solution (cont’d)

AC analysis
C2
vo

B1 C1 E2 g mv  2 R L'
vs
+ +
R BB r 1 v 1 r 2 v 2
- g mv  1 -
E1 B2

Small-signal equivalent circuit using hybrid- model

 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Example 4 – Solution (cont’d) C2
vo

B1 C1 E2 g mv  2 R L'
vs
+ +
R BB r 1 v 1 r 2 v 2
- g mv  1 -
E1 B2

vo   g m 2v 2 RL ' 1

v 2
At node E2; g m1v 1   g m 2 v 2
r 2
 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Example 4 – Solution (cont’d)

g m1r 2 v 1
Hence; v 2 
1  r 2 g m 2

Substituting for v2 in (1); vo   g m 2v 2 RL ' 1

 g m1r 2 g m 2 
vo    RL ' v 1
 1  r 2 g m 2 

 2 
Or; vo   g m1   RL ' vi
 1  2 
 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Example 4 – Solution (cont’d)

 2 
Or; vo   g m1   RL ' vi
 1  2 

The voltage gain;

vo  2 
Av    g m1   RL '
vi  1  2 

When 2   1;

Av   g m1RL '
 CASCADED BJT AMPLIFIER
Example 4 – Solution (cont’d)

Substituting values;

I CQ1 0.97
g m1    37.3 mA/V
VT 26

RL '  RC // RL  5k // 5k  2.5 kW

Av  0.03732500

Av  93 V/V