Tuesday, October 16, 1

2018
 Introduction
• Digital systems are concerned with digital signals
• Digital signals can take many forms
• Here we will concentrate on binary signals since these are the most
common form of digital signals
– can be used individually
• perhaps to represent a single binary quantity or the state of a
single switch
– can be used in combination
• to represent more complex quantities

Tuesday, October 16, 2

2018
 Logic Gates
• The building blocks used to create digital circuits are
logic gates
• There are three elementary logic gates and a range of
other simple gates
• Each gate has its own logic symbol which allows
complex functions to be represented by a logic diagram
• The function of each gate can be represented by a truth
table or using Boolean notation

Tuesday, October 16, 3

2018
• The AND gate

Tuesday, October 16, 4

2018
• The OR gate

Tuesday, October 16, 5

2018
• The NOT gate (or inverter)

Tuesday, October 16, 6

2018
• A logic buffer gate

Tuesday, October 16, 7

2018
• The NAND gate

Tuesday, October 16, 8

2018
• The NOR gate

Tuesday, October 16, 9

2018
• The Exclusive OR gate

Tuesday, October 16, 10

2018
• The Exclusive NOR gate

Tuesday, October 16, 11

2018
 Outline of Number System
• 1.1 Digital Systems
• 1.2 Binary Numbers
• 1.3 Number-base Conversions
• 1.4 Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers
• 1.5 Complements
• 1.6 Signed Binary Numbers
• 1.7 Binary Codes
• 1.8 Binary Storage and Registers
• 1.9 Binary Logic
Tuesday, October 16, 12
2018
 Binary Digital Signal
 .Binary values are represented abstractly by:
 Digits 0 and 1
 Words (symbols) False (F) and True (T)
 Words (symbols) Low (L) and High (H)
 And words On and Off

Tuesday, October 16, 13

2018
 Decimal Number System
• Base (also called radix) = 10
– 10 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 }
• Digit Position 2 1 0 -1 -2

– Integer & fraction 5 1 2 7 4

• Digit Weight 100 10 1 0.1 0.01
Position
– Weight = (Base)
• Magnitude
500 10 2 0.7 0.04
– Sum of “Digit x Weight”
d2*B2+d1*B1+d0*B0+d-1*B-1+d-2*B-2
• Formal Notation
(512.74)10
Tuesday, October 16, 14
2018
 Octal Number System
• Base = 8
– 8 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }
• Weights 64 8 1 1/8 1/64
Position
– Weight = (Base) 5 1 2 7 4
• Magnitude 2 1 0 -1 -2
5 *82+1 *81+2 *80+7 *8-1+4 *8-2
– Sum of “Digit x Weight”
=(330.9375)10
• Formal Notation
(512.74)8

Tuesday, October 16, 15

2018
 Binary Number System
• Base = 2
– 2 digits { 0, 1 }, called binary digits or “bits”
• Weights 4 2 1 1/2 1/4
Position
– Weight = (Base) 1 0 1 0 1
• Magnitude 2 1 0 -1 -2
1 *22+0 *21+1 *20+0 *2-1+1 *2-2
– Sum of “Bit x Weight”
=(5.25)10
• Formal Notation
(101.01)2
• Groups of bits 4 bits = Nibble
1011
8 bits = Byte
Tuesday, October 16, 11000101 16
2018
 Hexadecimal Number System
• Base = 16
– 16 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D,
E, F } 256 16 1 1/1 1/25
6 6
• Weights 1 E 5 7 A
Position
– Weight = (Base) 2 1 0 -1 -2
1 *162+14 *161+5 *160+7 *16-1+10 *16-2
• Magnitude
=(485.4765625)10
– Sum of “Digit x Weight”
• Formal Notation (1E5.7A)16

Tuesday, October 16, 17

2018
 The Power of 2
n 2n n 2n
0 20=1 8 28=256
1 21=2 9 29=512
2 22=4 10 210=1024 Kilo

3 23=8 11 211=2048
4 24=16 12 212=4096
5 25=32 20 220=1M Mega

6 26=64 30 230=1G Giga

7 27=128 40 240=1T Tera

Tuesday, October 16, 18
2018
 Number Base Conversions
Evaluate
Magnitude
Octal
(Base 8)

Evaluate
Magnitude
Decimal Binary
(Base 10) (Base 2)

Hexadecimal
(Base 16)
Tuesday, October 16, Evaluate 19
2018 Magnitude
 Decimal (Integer) to Binary
Conversion
• Divide the number by the ‘Base’ (=2)
• Take the remainder (either 0 or 1) as a coefficient
• Take the quotient and repeat the division
Example: (13)10
Quotient Remainder Coefficient
13/ 2 = 6 1 a0 = 1
6/2= 3 0 a1 = 0
3/2= 1 1 a2 = 1
1/2= 0 1 a3 = 1
Answer: (13)10 = (a3 a2 a1 a0)2 = (1101)2

Tuesday, October 16,

MSB LSB 20
2018
 Decimal (Fraction) to Binary Conversion

• Multiply the number by the ‘Base’ (=2)

• Take the integer (either 0 or 1) as a coefficient
• Take the resultant fraction and repeat the division
Example: (0.625)10
Integer Fraction Coefficient
0.625 * 2 = 1 . 25 a-1 = 1
0.25 * 2 = 0 . 5 a-2 = 0
0.5 *2= 1 . 0 a-3 = 1
Answer: (0.625)10 = (0.a-1 a-2 a-3)2 = (0.101)2

MSB LSB
Tuesday, October 16, 21
2018
 Decimal to Octal Conversion
Example: (175)10
Quotient Remainder Coefficient
175 / 8 = 21 7 a0 = 7
21 / 8 = 2 5 a1 = 5
2 /8= 0 2 a2 = 2
Answer: (175)10 = (a2 a1 a0)8 = (257)8

Example: (0.3125)10
Integer Fraction Coefficient
0.3125 * 8 = 2 . 5 a-1 = 2
0.5 *8= 4 . 0 a-2 = 4
Answer: (0.3125)10 = (0.a-1 a-2 a-3)8 = (0.24)8

Tuesday, October 16, 22

2018
 Binary − Octal Conversion
Octal Binary
• 8= 23
0 000
• Each group of 3 bits 1 001
represents an octal digit 2 010
Assume Zeros
Example: 3 011

( 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 )2 4 100
5 101
6 110
( 2 6 . 2 )8 7 111

Works both ways (Binary to Octal & Octal to Binary)

Tuesday, October 16, 23
2018
 Binary − Hexadecimal
Conversion Hex Binary
• 16 = 2 4 0
1
0000
0001
• Each group of 4 bits 2 0010
3 0011
represents a hexadecimal digit 4 0100
5 0101
Assume Zeros 6 0110
Example: 7 0111
8 1000
( 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 )2 9 1001
A 1010
B 1011
C 1100
D 1101
(1 6 . 4 )16 E 1110
F 1111
Works both ways (Binary to Hex & Hex to Binary)
Tuesday, October 16, 24
2018
 Octal − Hexadecimal Conversion
• Convert to Binary as an intermediate step
Example:
( 2 6 . 2 )8

Assume Zeros Assume Zeros

( 0 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 0 )2

(1 6 . 4 )16

Works both ways (Octal to Hex & Hex to Octal)

Tuesday, October 16, 25
2018
 Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal
Decimal Binary Octal Hex
00 0000 00 0
01 0001 01 1
02 0010 02 2
03 0011 03 3
04 0100 04 4
05 0101 05 5
06 0110 06 6
07 0111 07 7
08 1000 10 8
09 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F

Tuesday, October 16, 26

2018
 Binary Coded Decimal
• BCD Code
 A number with k decimal digits will
require 4k bits in BCD.
 Decimal 396 is represented in
BCD with 12bits as 0011 1001
0110, with each group of 4 bits
representing one decimal digit.
 A decimal number in BCD is the
same as its equivalent binary
number only when the number is
between 0 and 9.
 The binary combinations 1010
through 1111 are not used and
have no meaning in BCD.

Tuesday, October 16, 27

2018
 Binary Code
• Example:
– Consider decimal 185 and its corresponding
value in BCD and binary:

Tuesday, October 16, 28

2018