CHM 160 (CHAPTER 2)

ACID AND BASES

AND
PREPARATION AND DILUTION
OF STOCK SOLUTION
 ELECTROLYTIC PROPERTIES
• An electrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved in water, results
in a solution that can conduct electricity.

• A nonelectrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved, results in a

solution that does not conduct electricity.

nonelectrolyte weak electrolyte strong electrolyte

 METHOD OF DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN
ELECTROLYTES AND NONELECTROLYTES

• A pair of inert electrodes (Cu or Pt) is immersed in a beaker

of water.
• To light the bulb, electric current must flow from one
electrode to the other, thus completing the circuit.

• By adding NaCl (ionic compound), the bulb will glow.

• NaCl breaks up into Na+ and Cl- ions when dissolves in water.
• Na+ are attracted to the negative electrode.
• Cl- are attracted to the positive electrode.
• The movement sets up an electric current that is equivalent to
the flow of electrons along a metal wire.
• Strong Electrolyte
– 100% dissociation (breaking up of compound into
cations and anions
H2O
NaCl (s) Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

• Weak Electrolyte
– not completely dissociated

CH3COOH CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)

A reversible reaction. The reaction can occur in

both directions.
• Hydration is the process in which an ion is surrounded by
water molecules arranged in a specific manner.
• Hydration helps to stabilize ions and prevents cations from
combining with anions.

δ −

δ δ +

H2O
Nonelectrolyte does not conduct electricity?

No cations (+) and anions (-) in solution

H2O
C6H12 O6 (s) C6H12 O6 (aq)
 PROPERTIES ACIDS
• Have a sour taste.
- Vinegar owes its taste to acetic acid.
- Citrus fruits contain citric acid.
• Cause color changes in plant dyes.

• React with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas.

2HCl (aq) + Mg (s) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

• React with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce carbon

dioxide gas
2HCl (aq) + CaCO3 (s) CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

• Aqueous acid solutions conduct electricity.

 PROPERTIES OF BASES
• Have a bitter taste.

• Feel slippery. Many soaps contain bases.

• Cause color changes in plant dyes.

• Aqueous base solutions conduct electricity.

• Examples:
ROLE OF WATER TO SHOW PROPERTIES OF
ACIDS
• Anhydrous pure acid (without water) does not show acidic
properties.
• In dry form, acids exist as neutral covalent molecules.
• Dry acids do not dissociate to form hydrogen ion (H+).
• When a pure acid is dissolved in water, it will show the
properties of acids.
• This is because acids will dissociate in water to form H+ or
hydroxonium/hydronium ion, H3O+ which are free to move.
• For example:
i) HCl in liquid methylbenzene (organic solvent) - does not
show acidic properties.
ii) HCl in water – show acidic properties
ROLE OF WATER TO SHOW PROPERTIES OF
ALKALI

• Dry base does not show alkaline properties.

• A base in dry form, contains hydroxide ions (OH-) that are
not free to move. Thus, the alkaline properties cannot be
shown.
• In the presence of water, bases can dissociate in water to
form hydroxide ions, OH-, which are free to move. Thus,
alkaline properties are shown.
• For example:
i) ammonia in tetrachlomethane (organic solvent) – do not
show alkaline properties
ii) ammonia in water – show alkaline properties
 DEFINITION OF ACID AND BASE

Arrhenius Brønsted- Lewis

Lowry
 DEFINITION OF ACID AND BASE BY ARRHENIUS
 Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces H+ (hydrogen ion)
or hydronium ion (H3O+) in water

 Arrhenius base is a substance that produces OH- in water

Examples of acid:
 CO2 (g) + H2O (l) H2CO3 (aq)
H2CO3 (aq) + H2O(l) H3O+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq)
 nonmetal oxides + H2O acid

Examples of bases:
 NaOH (s) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
 N2H4 (aq) + H2O N2H5+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
 metal oxides + H2O bases
Na2O (s) + H2O (l) 2NaOH (aq)

* Limited only to aqueous solutions

DEFINITION OF ACID AND BASE BY BRØNSTED-LOWRY

• A Brønsted acid is a proton donor

• A Brønsted base is a proton acceptor
• Example:

HCl (aq) +H2O (l) → H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

acid base acid base

• HCl is a acid because it donates proton to H2O

• H2O is a base because it accepts proton from HCl

• A Brønsted acid must contain at least one ionizable
proton!
 Brønsted acids and bases

• Conjugate acid-base pair:

i) Conjugate base of a Brønsted acid

- the species that remains when one proton has been removed
from the acid

ii) Conjugate acid

- addition of a proton to a Brønsted base
Examples:
HCl (aq) +H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
acid1 base2 acid2 base1
• Cl- is a conjugate base of HCl and HCl is a conjugate acid of Cl-
• H2O is a base conjugate of H3O+ and H3O+ is a acid conjugate of
H2O

NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

base1 acid2 acid1 base2
• When a strong acid react with a strong base in Brønsted acid-base
reaction, it will give a weak conjugate acid and conjugate base.
•Examples:
HCl (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
strong acid strong base weak conjugate weak conjugate

acid base
NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Weak base weak acid strong conjugate strong conjugate

acid base

• H2O can function as acid or base which called amphoteric

Identify each of the following species as a Brønsted acid, base, or
both. (a) HI, (b) CH3COO-, (c) H2PO4-

HI (aq) H+ (aq) + I- (aq) Brønsted acid

CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq) CH3COOH (aq) Brønsted base

H2PO4- (aq) H+ (aq) + HPO42- (aq) Brønsted acid

H2PO4- (aq) + H+ (aq) H3PO4 (aq) Brønsted base

 DEFINITION OF ACID AND BASE BY LEWIS

• A Lewis acid is a substance that can accept a pair of electrons

• A Lewis base is a substance that can donate a pair of electrons

•• ••
H+ + OH- H O H
••
•• ••
acid base
H H
+
H+ + N H H N H
••

H H
acid base
Examples of Lewis Acids and Bases reactions:

F H F H
a)
F B + N H F B N H

••
F H F H
acid base

b) Ag+ (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) Ag(NH3)2+ (aq)

acid base
c) Cd+ (aq) + 4I- (aq) CdI2- 4 (aq)
acid base
d) Ni (s) + 4CO (g) Ni(CO)4 (g)
acid base
 TYPES OF ACIDS-BASES
• Acids
i) Strong acids:
- Acids that completely ionized in solution.
- Example:
HCl (aq) → H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

ii) Weak acids

- Acids that incompletely ionized in solution
- Example:
CH3COOH (aq) CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)
 Monoprotic acid:
- each unit of the acid yields one hydrogen ion upon
ionization

HCl H+ + Cl- Strong electrolyte, strong acid

HNO3 H+ + NO3- Strong electrolyte, strong acid
CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO- Weak electrolyte, weak acid

Diprotic acid:
- each unit of the acid gives up two H+ ions, in two separate
steps
H2SO4 H+ + HSO4- Strong electrolyte, strong acid
HSO4- H+ + SO42- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
 Triprotic acids:
- yield three H+ ions

H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4- Weak electrolyte, weak acid

H2PO4- H+ + HPO42- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
HPO42- H+ + PO43- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
• Bases
i) Strong bases:
- Bases that completely ionized in solution.
- Example:
NaOH (s) → Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

ii) Weak bases

- bases that incompletely ionized in solution
- Example:
NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
 Acids and bases as electrolytes

• Strong acids such as HCl and HNO3 are strong

electrolytes, while weak acid such as acetic acid
(CH3COOH) is a weak electrolyte.

HCl (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
HClO4 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + ClO4- (aq)
H2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + HSO4- (aq)
 Acids and bases as electrolytes
Strong Acids are strong electrolytes

HCl (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
HClO4 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + ClO4- (aq)
H2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + HSO4- (aq)

Weak Acids are weak electrolytes

HF (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + F- (aq)
HNO2 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO2- (aq)
HSO4- (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)
H2O (l) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Strong Bases are strong electrolytes
H2O +
NaOH (s) Na (aq) + OH- (aq)
H2O +
KOH (s) K (aq) + OH- (aq)
H2O 2+
Ba(OH)2 (s) Ba (aq) + 2OH- (aq)

Weak Bases are weak electrolytes

F- (aq) + H2O (l) OH- (aq) + HF (aq)

NO2- (aq) + H2O (l) OH- (aq) + HNO2 (aq)
Conjugate acid-base pairs:
• The conjugate base of a strong acid has no measurable
strength.
• H3O+ is the strongest acid that can exist in aqueous solution.
• The OH- ion is the strongest base that can exist in aqueous
solution.
 ACID-BASE PROPERTIES OF WATER

• Can act either as a acid or as a base.

• Water functions as a base with acids such as HCl and
CH3COOH and function as acid in reaction with bases.
• Water is a very weak electrolyte and undergo ionization to a
small extent:

H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

autoionization of water
 pH-A MEASURE OF ACIDITY
• pH – the negative logarithm of the hydrogen in
concentration (in mol/L)

pH = -log [H+]

Solution Is At 250C
neutral [H+] = [OH-] [H+] = 1 x 10-7 pH = 7
acidic [H+] > [OH-] [H+] > 1 x 10-7 pH < 7
basic [H+] < [OH-] [H+] < 1 x 10-7 pH > 7

pH [H+]
Other important relationships
pOH = -log [OH-]

[H+][OH-] = Kw = 1.0 x 10-14

-log [H+] – log [OH-] = 14.00

pH + pOH = 14.00

pH Meter
1) The pH of rainwater collected in a certain region of the
northeastern United States on a particular day was 4.82. What is
the H+ ion concentration of the rainwater?

pH = -log [H+]
[H+] = 10-pH = 10-4.82 = 1.5 x 10-5 M

2) The OH- ion concentration of a blood sample is 2.5 x 10-7 M.

What is the pH of the blood?
pH + pOH = 14.00
pOH = -log [OH-] = -log (2.5 x 10-7 ) = 6.60

pH = 14.00 – pOH = 14.00 – 6.60 = 7.40

CALCULATION OF pH FOR
SOLUTION CONTAINING A
STRONG ACID AND A
SOLUTION OF A STRONG
BASE
1) What is the pH of a 2 x 10-3 M HNO3 solution?

HNO3 is a strong acid – 100% dissociation.

Start 0.002 M 0.0 M 0.0 M

HNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)
End 0.0 M 0.002 M 0.002 M

pH = -log [H+] = -log [H3O+] = -log(0.002) = 2.7

2) What is the pH of a 1.8 x 10-2 M Ba(OH)2 solution?

Ba(OH)2 is a strong base – 100% dissociation.
Start 0.018 M 0.0 M 0.0 M
Ba(OH)2 (s) Ba2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq)
End 0.0 M 0.018 M 0.036 M

pH = 14.00 – pOH = 14.00 + log(0.036) = 12.6

 CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION
• The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute
present in a given quantity of solvent or solution.

moles of solute
M = molarity =
liters of solution

1) What mass of KI is required to make 500. mL of a 2.80

M KI solution?
M KI M KI
volume of KI solution moles KI grams KI

1L 2.80 mol KI 166 g KI

500. mL x x x = 232 g KI
1000 mL 1 L soln 1 mol KI
Preparing a Solution of Known
Concentration
 DILUTION OF
SOLUTIONS
Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution
from a more concentrated solution.

Dilution
Add Solvent

Moles of solute Moles of solute

before dilution (i) = after dilution (f)

MiVi = MfVf
 EXAMPLE:
1) How would you prepare 60.0 mL of 0.200 M HNO3
from a stock solution of 4.00 M HNO3?
M1V1 = M2V2

M1 = 4.00 M M2 = 0.200 M V2 = 0.0600 L V1 = ? L

M2V2 0.200 M x 0.0600 L

V1 = = = 0.00300 L = 3.00 mL
M2 4.00 M

Dilute 3.00 mL of acid with water to a total volume of 60.0 mL.

 Concentration Units
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present
in a given quantity of solvent or solution.

Percent by Mass
mass of solute
% by mass = x 100%
mass of solute + mass of solvent
mass of solute x 100%
=
mass of solution

Percent by Volume (%v/v)

Volume of solute x 100%
% by volume =
Volume of solution
Molarity (M)
moles of solute
M =
liters of solution

Molality (m)
moles of solute
m =
mass of solvent (kg)
 VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS (VA)
• Quantitative analytical process based on measuring
volumes.

• The most common form of VA is the titration, a

process whereby a standard solution of known
concentration is chemically reacted with a solution
of unknown concentration in order to determine the
concentration of the unknown.
 TITRATIONS
• In a titration a solution of accurately known concentration
(standard solution) is added gradually added to another solution
of unknown concentration until the chemical reaction between
the two solutions is complete.

• Equivalence point – the point at which the reaction is complete

• Indicator – substance that changes color at (or near) the

equivalence point

• Titrations can be used in the analysis of acid-base reactions

H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2H2O + Na2SO4
PROCEDURE FOR THE TITRATION

Slowly add base

to unknown acid
UNTIL
the indicator
changes color
EXAMPLE:
1) What volume of a 1.420 M NaOH solution is required to titrate
25.00 mL of a 4.50 M H2SO4 solution?
WRITE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION!

H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2H2O + Na2SO4

Ma = concentration of acid
MaVa a Mb = concentration of base
=
Va = volume of acid
MbVb b
Vb = volume of base
a = coefficient of acid
b = coefficient of base
(4.50 M) (25 mL) 1
=
(1.420 M) (Vb) 2
Vb = 158 mL
 ACID-BASE TITRATIONS
Strong Acid-Strong Base Titrations

NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) H2O (l) + NaCl (aq)

OH- (aq) + H+ (aq) H2O (l)

pH PROFILE OF THE TITRATION (TITRATION CURVE)
 pH PROFILE OF THE TITRATION
(TITRATION CURVE)

• Before addition of NaOH

- pH = 1.00
• When the NaOH added
- pH increase slowly at first
• Near the equivalence point (the point which equimolar
amounts of acid and base have reacted)
- the curve rises almost vertically
• Beyond the equivalence point
- pH increases slowly
 CALCULATION OF pH AT EVERY STAGE OF
TITRATION
1) After addition of 10.0 mL of 0.100 M NaOH to 25.0 mL of 0.100 M
HCl
Total volume = 35.0 mL
Moles of NaOH in 10.0 mL
= 10.0 mL x 0.100 mol NaOH x 1L
1L NaOH 1000 mL
= 1.00 x 10-3 mol

Moles of HCl in 25.0 mL

= 25.0 mL x 0.100 mol HCl x 1L
1 L HCl 1000 mL
= 2.50 x 10-3 mol
 Amount of HCl left after partial neutralization
= (2.50 x 10-3)-(1.00 x 10-3)
= 1.50 x 10-3 mol

Concentration of H+ ions in 35.0 mL

1.50 x 10-3 mol HCl x 1000 mL = 0.0429 M HCl
35.0 mL 1L

[H+] = 0.0429 M,
pH = -log 0.0429 = 1.37

2) After addition of 25.0 mL of 0.100 M NaOH to 25.0 mL 0f 0.100 M

HCl
[H+] = [OH-] = 1.00 x 10-7
pH = 7.00
3) After addition of 35.0 mL of 0.100 M NaOH to 25.0 mL of 0.100 mL of
HCl
Total volume = 60.0 mL
Moles of NaOH added
= 35.0 mL x 0.100 mol NaOH x 1L
1 L NaOH 000 mL
= 3.50 x 10-3 mol

Moles of HCl in 25.0 mL solution = 2.50 x 10-3 mol

After complete neutralization of HCl, no of moles of NaOH left
= (3.50 x 10-3 )-(2.50x10-3 )
= 1.00 x 10-3 mol

Concentration of NaOH in 60.0 mL solution

= 1.00 x 10-3 mol NaOH x 1000 mL
60.0 mL 1L
= 0.0167 M NaOH
[OH-] = 0.0167 M
pOH = -log 0.0167 = 1.78
pH = 14.00 – 1.78
= 12.22