By

Ch srikanth(17021D1906)
Chakrapani(17021D1907)
 Where Settlement Analysis may be necessary


 Structure is specially sensitive to settlement
 Soil is highly compressible
 Structural engineers needs a “spring constant” to
represent response of the foundation system
 Down drag may cause extra settlement
 Settlement of a Pile
Group:

 The settlement of a pile or pile group in clay can be
computed from the principles of consolidation.
Settlement of a pile group is more than the settlement of
a single pile, even when the load is the same. This is
because the pressure bulb of the pile group is deeper
than that of individual piles, causing the compression of
a larger volume of soil by the pile group. For sand there
are other methods.
 Methods of estimating the settlement of pile groups can
be divided into the following main categories :

1-

Methods which employ the concept of interaction factors and the
principle of superposition (e.g., Poulos & Davis, 1980);
2- The settlement ratio method, in which the settlement of a single
pile at the average load level is multiplied by a group settlement
ratio Rs,which reflects the effects of group interaction;
3- The equivalent raft method, in which the pile group is represented
by an equivalent raft acting at some characteristic depth along the piles;
4- The equivalent pier method, in which the pile group is represented
by a pier containing the piles and the soil between them. The pier is
treated as a single pile of equivalent stiffness in order to compute the
average settlement of the group;
5- Empirical methods to find out settlement in cohesion less soils
 Interaction factor
method

 Based on theroy of elaticity ,an anytical method is developed by using
interaction factor(αij) for estimating settlement in group piles.
 This interaction factor value is taken for design charts with suitable
correction based on soil properties or from the analytical solutions.
 For group piles ,the interaction factors may be superposed to develop
a relationship between settlement of single pile with interaction factor
wi=w1 ∑ αij*Pj( summation i=1,j=1 to n)
where w1=settlement of single pile under head load
Pj=load at head on pile j
n=number of piles
 The settlement ratio
method

 It is one of analytical method based on the elastic theory.
 These type of methods generally used for single piles.
 Settlement ratio of group piles defined as

group settlement ratio Rs= pile group settlement

settlement of single pile at average
load per pile in a group

settlement of a single pile at the average load level is multiplied

by a group settlement ratio Rs,which reflects the effects of group
interaction; this is used for both clays and sand.
 The equivalent raft
method(for all type of soil)

 Replace group with a raft along the embedded pile length L;
this depth is 2/3 of L for friction piles and L for end bearing
piles
 Distribute the load from the mat to the underlying soil by
Boussinesq theory or the 60 degree method
 Calculate settlement of soil layers below the mat by one-
dimensional consolidation theory; any soil above the mat is
assumed to be incompressible
 Multiply the calculated settlement by 0.8 to account for the
rigidity of the group.
settlement S=Si+Sp+Ss.(for cohesive soils)
Where Si= immediate settlement
Sp= primary settlement.
Ss= secondary settlement.


 For cohesion less soil

 It is based on static cone resistances it can also be
estimated by method proposed by schmertmann
 The equivalent pier
method

 In this method all the group of piles are taken as one
single equivalent pier.
 This very new non analytical method used for the
estimation of settlement of group piles.
 Emphrical methods
For pile groups in sand, the settlement is computed as follows:


skemepton obtained equation based on settlement ratio of
Sg/Si with Bg, where Sg is settlement of group pile and Si is
settlement of individual pile and Bg is width of pile group, for the
same average load

For meryhof expressed equation using ratio of spacing pile

diameter and number of rows in the pile group.
Problem determine the total settlement for the pile group
shown in the figure

ans:The load is assumed to be distributed in a ratio of 1H:4V on the
equivalent mat at a distance of (2/3)rd of the pile length ie (2/3*9 =)
6m. Ref. fig.5.46.
Width of equivalent map = 3 + 2 * (6/4) = 6m
Length of equivalent map = 2.1 + 2 * (6/4) = 5.1m
Udl acting on the equivalent map = 150/(6 * 5.1) = 4.902
Below the equivalent map it is analyzed as shallow foundation, by
dividing it into no. of layers as shown in fig. 5.47.
The Effective overburden pressure at center of each layer:
σ1 = (16.4 x 2) + (2 x 19.1) + (5.5 x (19.1-9.81)) = 122.095 KN /m2
σ2= 122.095 + (3 x (19.1-9.81)) = 149.965 KN /m2
σ3 = 149.965 + (1.5 x (19.1-9.81)) + (1.25 x (20-9.81)) = 176.64 KN / m2
σ4 = 176.64 + (1.25 x (20-9.81)) = 189.375 KN /m2
 

The settlement at center of each layer (s) = Cc *ϪH*σ’+Ϫσ

1+e0 σ’
Where, Cc = compression index of that layer,
e0= initial void ratio,
ϪH =height of the layer,
σ’= effective overburden pressure at center of the layer,
Ϫσ = increase in the effective pressure due to load.
Total settlement will be the summation of the settlement at
center of each layer
 

Total settlement = 66.24 mm

 Computation of loads on
each pile in a group

Section II. VERTICAL PILE GROUPS
7-3 Distribution of vertical loads.
 1. Resultant at center of gravity.
Piles under a structure act as a group in transmitting the loads to
the soil. The distribution of loads to the individual piles depends
upon the amount of vertical and horizontal movement at the base
of the tructure and the amount of rotational movement about some
center. If the base of structure is rigid and the piles are all vertical,
a vertical load (or several vertical loads)applied at the center of
gravity of the pile roup will be distributed equally to all the piles.
Thus, assuming that the resultant (R)of all vertical loads passes
through the center of gravity of the pile group (figure 7-l), the load
(Pv) on each pile is given by the following formula.
2. Resultant not at center of gravity.
If where the resultant of all the vertical loads acting on a pile grou does
not pass through the center of gravity of the pile group, the


distribution of the loads to the individual piles is indeterminate.
Discussion of the approximate method for determining the distribution
of loads follows. This method acting on pile group should be suitable

for military applications.

a. Resultant eccentric about one axis.
If the resultant is eccentric only about one axis, the Y-Yaxis,
the load on any pile (Pv) is given by
 Where p=vertical loads on any pile
n=number of piles


ex=distance from point intersection of resultant with
plane with of base of structure to y-axis
Cx=distance from y-y axis to pile forfor which Pv is
being calculated.
Iy =moment of inertia of pile group about Y - Y axis
with each pile considered to have an area of unity
 b. Resultant eccentric about two axes.
If the resultant is eccentric about both the X and Y axes, the load on


any pile (Pv) is given by the following formula.

Where,
ey=distance from point of intersection of resultant with plane of
base of structure to X-axis
Cy=distance from X - X axis to pilefor which P, is being calculated
Ix=moment of inertia of pile group about X - X axis
Horizontal loads.

 Determining horizontal loads acting on piles used for bridge
supports is of particular importance in military construction. Piles
which support bridges crossing rivers are often subjected to a
variety of horizontal loads.
 Pressure of flowing water.
 Forces of ice.
 Impact of floating objects.
 Effects of wind on the substructure and superstructure.
