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ON POWER SYSTEM
• The unwanted sinusoidal signal or noise generated by power electronic devices used in
power system creates harmonics . Harmonics are currents or voltages with frequencies
that are integer multiples of the fundamental power frequency.
• Electrical appliances and generators all produce harmonics and in large volumes results in
a number of power quality problems.
• Most grid-connected inverters for DG applications put out very low levels of harmonic
current, and because of their distribution on the network are unlikely to cause harmonic
issues, even at high penetration levels.
• While the most common type of inverters (current-source) can not provide the harmonic
support required by the grid, voltage-source inverters can, but do so at an energy cost and
there are a variety of harmonic compensators that are likely to be cheaper. Labeling that
identifies the type of inverter (voltage or current source) would help purchase of voltage
source or current source inverters as required, as would financial compensation for
reducing energy losses if voltage source inverters are installed.
[2] Frequency and Voltage Fluctuations
2 3
1 4
6 7
Cyber Security and Privacy Issues in Grids:
• Grid has emerged as the next-generation power grid via the convergence of power
system engineering and information and communication technology. Its bi-
directional communication and electricity flow enable both utilities and customers
to monitor, predict, and manage energy usage. It also advances energy and
environmental sustainability through the integration of vast distributed energy
resources.
• Basically six types of attacks have been seen in grids: device attack, data attack,
privacy attack, network availability attack, Anomaly Detection, Dispatching &
Management etc.
• Possible Solutions for these attacks are establish electric vehicle standards,
improve security of hardware and software ,upgrades ensure the integrity of meter
data, ensure all commands and log files are accurate and secure, use a common
time reference for time synchronization, minimize and make predictable timing
impacts of security protections, use phasor measurement units (PMUs) to ensure
accurate time information, Design a bypass for emergency while remaining secure
in daily operations. Cyber security and privacy issues in the grid are new areas in
the fields of power industry, electrical engineering, and computer science. More
in-depth research is required to develop such a promising power grid in the near
future.
Smart Fault Location for Grids:
• Fault location is an important application among intelligent monitoring and outage management
tasks used for realization of self-healing networks, one of the most attractive features of grids .It
has always served an important role in facilitating quick repair and restoration of faulted
transmission lines or distribution feeders.
• Some common fault are: Transmission Line Fault Location, Distribution Feeder Fault Location.
Transmission lines may generally be exposed to several types of faults which are generally caused
by random and unpredictable events such as lighting, short circuits, overloading, equipment failure,
aging, animal/tree contact with the line etc.
• A smart scheme to locate transmission line faults is proposed to deal with the selection of an
optimal fault location method. It is capable of using different fault location algorithm depending on
the availability and location of recorded data as well as network topology and circumstances
surrounding faults.
• Fault location in distribution systems, is an important function for outage management and service
restoration directly impacting feeder reliability and quality of the electricity supply for the
customer. Improving customer average interruption duration index (CAIDI) and system average
interruption duration index (SAIDI) is possible by exploiting a suitable fault location method. A
suitable fault location method has to consider the limitation of the host processing platforms and
requirements of the algorithm itself.
Conclusion:
• In this presentation, some issues related to grid integration of RES and their possible solutions
available in the literature have been presented. Grid penetration is currently growing across the
globe, leading to various challenges and opportunities. This paper attempted to provide a review of
the state of the art in research on grids, hence paving the way for interested educators, researchers,
and developers in gaining insight into this important and timely topic and understand a variety of
grid-associated issues under investigation by the research community. The review comprised of an
introduction to grids, their components and associated benefits, and a review of applications in
enhancing grid performance, which further followed by studies on grids economics, operation,
control, protection, and communications.
Reference:
[1] F. Richard Yu, Peng Zhang, Weidong Xiao, Paul Choudhury,"Communication
Systems for Grid Integration of Renewable Energ Resources",IEEENetwork,pp22-
29,September/October 20 II.
[3] Bakos G.c., "Distributed power generation: "A case study of small scale PV
power plant in Greece", Applied Energy, vol. 86, pp 1757-1766, February 2009. A
Etxeberria, 1. Vechiu, A Etxeberria, JM. Vinassa,H.Camblong, "Hybrid Energy
Storage Systems for Renewable Energy Sources Integration in Micro-grids: A
Review", International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC), pp 532-537,
September 2015.
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