Braced Frame

• Braced frames are cantilevered vertical trusses resisting

laterals loads primarily through the axial stiffness of the frame
members.
• The effectiveness of the system, as characterized by a high
ratio of stiffness to material quantity, is recognized for multi-
storey building in the low to mid height range.
• Generally regarded as an exclusively steel system because the
diagonal are inevitably subjected to tension for or to the other
directions of lateral loading.
• Able to produce a laterally very stiff structure for a minimum
of additional material, makes it an economical structural form
for any height of buildings, up to the very tallest.
Advantages
• Girders only participate
minimally in the lateral bracing
action-Floor framing design is
independent of its level in the
structure.
• Can be repetitive up the
height of the building with
obvious economy in design
and fabrication.
Disadvantages
• Obstruct the internal planning
and the locations of the
windows and doors; for this
reason, braced bent are
usually incorporated internally
along wall and partition lines,
especially around elevator,
stair, and service shaft.-
Diagonal connections are
expensive to fabricate and
erect.
Rigid Frame Structure
Consist of columns and girders joined by moment resistant
connections. Lateral stiffness of a rigid frame bent depends on
the bending stiffness of the columns, girders, and connection in
the plane of the bents. Ideally suited for reinforced concrete
buildings because of the inherent rigidity of reinforced concrete
joints. Also used for steel frame buildings, but moment-resistant
connections in steel tend to be costly. While rigid frame of a
typical scale that serve alone to resist lateral loading have an
economic height limit of about 25 stories, smaller scale rigid
frames in the for of perimeter tube, or typically rigid frames in
combination with shear walls or braced bents, can be economic
up top much greater heights.
Advantages
• May be place in or around the
core, on the exterior, or
throughout the interior of the
building with minimal
constraint on the planning
module.
• The frame may be
architecturally exposed to
express the grid like nature of
the structure.
• The spacing of the columns in
a moment resisting frame can
match that required for gravity
framing.-Only suitable for
building up to 20 –30
storiesonly; member
proportions and materials cost
become unreasonable for
building higher than that
In-filled Frame Structure
Most usual form of construction for
tall buildings up to 30 stories in
height Column and girder framing of
reinforced concrete, or sometimes
steel, is in-filled by panels of
brickwork, block work, or cast-in-
place concrete. Because of the in-
filled serve also as external walls or
internal partitions, the system is an
economical way of stiffening and
strengthening the structure. The
complex interactive behaviour of the
infill in the frame, and the rather
random quality of masonry, has made
it difficult to predict with accuracy
the stiffness and strength of an in-
filled frame.