FLUID MECHANICS II

Mujeeb Ur Rehman Atif

Department of Mechanical Engineering
PIEAS Islamabad
Course Content
• Course Title
ME-301 Fluid Mechanics-II
Credit hours = 2.0
• Course Content
• Flow over immersed bodies:
• Boundary layer theory and its thicknesses.
• Concept of local and average drag coefficient.
• Calculating drag and lift forces due to pressure and velocity field.
• Compressible Flows:
• Mach number and speed of sound
• Isentropic flow of an ideal gas
• Convergent divergent Nozzle
• Turbomachinery:
• Fans, Pumps, turbines and other flow devices.
• Deriving Euler’s equation and solving of turbo-machine problems using
velocity triangle
• Pump and turbine performance characteristic curves
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Reference and Text Books

1. Munson, Young, Okiishi, Huebsch, Fundamentals of Fluid

Mechanics, 6th ed, Wiley, 2009
2. F.M. White, Fluid Mechanics, 6th ed McGraw Hill, 2006
3. I Shames, Fluid Mechanics, 4th ed, McGraw Hill, 2002
4. C T Crowe, D F Elger, Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 9th ed,
Wiley, 2008

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Course Learning Objectives (CLO)
S. CLO Domain Level PLO
No.

1 Apply the boundary layer theory to calculate the Cognitive 2 2

drag and lift forces under different flow/geometry
conditions.
2 Apply the basic compressible flow principles to Cognitive 3 3
design 1D converging diverging nozzles.

3 Analyze the performance of various fluid devices Cognitive 4 2

using scaling laws.

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Evaluation Criteria
• Marks Distribution

Criteria Weightage
Sessional 1 20 Marks
Sessional 2 20 Marks
Quizzes/Assignments 10 Marks
Finals 50 Marks

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Flow over Immersed bodies
Classification of Flows
• Viscous flows & Inviscid flows
• Laminar & Turbulent flows
• Compressible & incompressible flows
• External flows & internal flows
• Internal flows has already been studied in previous course.
• Now our main objective is to study External flows.

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Classification of Flows
• Application of External flows
• Aerodynamics (airplanes, rockets, projectiles),
• Hydrodynamics (ships, submarines, torpedoes)
• Transportation (automobiles, trucks, cycles)
• Wind engineering (buildings, bridges, water towers, wind
turbines)
• ocean engineering (buoys, breakwaters, pilings, cables,
moored instruments).

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Characteristics of External flows
• Type of flow depends upon
• Geometry of object (length, diameter, shape, surface
roughness, Nature of body)
Nature of Body Shape of Body
 Two dimensional objects  Streamlined Bodies
 Axisymmetric bodies  Blunt Bodies
 Three dimensional bodies

2 D body Axisymmetric body 3D body

Blunt Streamlined Streamlined 9
Characteristics of External flows
• Orientation of object w.r.t to flow
• Speed of flowing fluid Orientation CD

• Fluid properties (ρ,ν)

Mach Number  lV
Re 
Reynolds Number 

In most of situations For

 For Water or Air
 0.01 m < l <10 m
 0.01 m/sec < U < 100 m/sec
Gives 10 < Re < 109
 Re < 1 Viscosity Dominated Flow
 Re > 100 Inertia Dominated Flow
 Most familiar flows are dominated by
Inertia
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Characteristics of External flows

Boundary Layer
Flow is viscous in a
Specific Region and
Inviscid everywhere else
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Characteristics of External flows

Rex = local Reynolds number

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Characteristics of External flows

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Example 7.1

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Example 7.1

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Karman Analysis of Flat Plate

 Uses Integral Approach

 It uses both Momentum and
mass balance on control
volume

The four control volume sides are

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Karman Analysis of Flat Plate
The following assumptions are made
 Pressure is uniform i.e. there is no net
pressure force
 Flow is steady
 Flow is incompressible

According to law of conservation of momentum

0

Now, we need to find for all sides

V . n = -U
Side 1
 u  (V .n)dA   U bh
2
dA = b dy
CS
u=U 17
Karman Analysis of Flat Plate
Side 2
It is a streamline and there
must be no flow across
streamline, so
V.n=0

CS
u  (V .n)dA 0
Side 4
Side 3 Solid wall so, V . n = 0
Shear force = -D
V . n = u(y)
dA = b dy Putting All these boundary conditions in
 law of conservation of momentum

CS
u  (V .n)dA b u 2dy
0
equation 18
Karman Analysis of Flat Plate
We get

 x
F   D   U bh  
2
b  dy
u 2
0

D  U bh  b u 2 dy
2
0

As relation b/w h and δ is not known, so we

must remove h from the result given above
Applying Continuity Equation

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Karman Analysis of Flat Plate

Where θ is called momentum thickness and

has unit of length (1)

Also drag may be calculated from shear stress distribution

(2)

Comparing (1) and (2)

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Karman Analysis of Flat Plate
For Laminar Flow, Karman used
following parabolic Velocity Profile

2 U
w  R e1/ 2
Momentum Thickness comes out 5.5 x
to be and

Wall Shear Boundary layer is “thin” if

δ/x ≤ 0.1 Rex = 2500
Above relations are valid for 2500
≤ Rex ≤ 3 x 106 (Laminar Flow)21
Displacement Thickness
Another interesting effect of a boundary layer is its small but
finite displacement of the outer streamlines

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Displacement Thickness
It is an index proportional to “missing volume flow rate” due to presence of
boundary layer



A = Actual flow rate = 0 udy

B= hypothetical flow rate if BL no there =

 0
Udy
B – A = Missing Flow Rate =
0
U  u  dy

Missing Flow Rate may also be expressed as = U *
  u 
Comparing above eqs. We have:
 
*
1   dy
 U 
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0
Displacement Thickness
Putting the value of velocity profile
as given by Karman for laminar
Flows in above equation
We get,

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Example 7.2

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Example 7.2

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Example:
Consider the laminar flow of an incompressible fluid past a flat plate at
y = 0. The boundary layer velocity profile is approximated as u = U y/δ for
0 ≤y≤ δ and u = U for y > δ. Determine the shear stress by using the
momentum integral equation
and

so
Hence

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Example:

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Prandtl Blasius Analysis (Laminar)
Navier-Stokes Equation:
Assumptions
1. 2-D Flow
2. Steady state flow
3. No gravity effects
4. Incompressible flow

 To be solved for u, v and p

 B.C.’s are no-slip; inlet and exit
 Too difficult to be solved analytically

For High Reynolds Number Flows

Following Approximations Apply: 29
Prandtl Blasius Analysis
1.y-Momentum eq. can be entirely ignored
2.Pressure varies only along boundary layer and not through it

3.The pressure-gradient along boundary layer is assumed to be

known in advance from Bernoulli’s equation applied to the outer
inviscid flow

4.The diffusion term in x- Momentum eq. reduces to

 2u  2u  2u
 ( 2 ) because 2 
y x y 2
5. Continuity equation is still valid 30
Prandtl Blasius Analysis
6. Momentum equation becomes:
u u  2u dU
(u  v )   2 U
x y y dx
7. There are two equations only but non-linear
Continuity Momentum Along Wall
u v u u dU 1 τ
 0 u v U 
x y x y dx ρ y
BCs
At y=0; u = v= 0
At y=δ; u = U(x)

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Prandtl Blasius Analysis
Inviscid flow over a flat plate yields a constant pressure over the
surface (from Bernoulli’s Eq) so: p / x  0

Mathematical behavior of above equations is parabolic

Balsius used following transformation

Substituting above transformation in Boundary Layer equations, he got

BCs and
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Prandtl Blasius Analysis
He solved the above equation:

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Prandtl Blasius Analysis
Shape Factor H is the ratio of
Displacement Thickness to
Momentum Thickness and is given by
Other Results

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Turbulent Boundary layer
ASSIGNMENT # 1
Problem 9.1-9.6 from Munson
Problem 7.1-7.4 from FM White

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