UNIVERSITAS

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN
RESPIRATION

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 UNIVERSITAS
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN

ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY I
December 2016

RESPIRATION
Is the exchange of oxygen and CO2
between ENVIRONMENT and
mitochondria in cell
2
 Respiratory System
UNIVERSITAS
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN

• Why do animals need to perform respiration

(gas exchange)?
– Respiration can improve decision O2 and CO2
release
– What for O2 used?
• Aerobic respiration uses energy of electrons to produce ATP

– Where did the CO2 come from?

• CO2 is released when the glucose is broken down to release electrons in
the Krebs Cycle
 Respiratory System
UNIVERSITAS
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN

• Respiration takes place by diffusion

– Respiration requires O2 and CO2 diffusion
across the cell membrane
• Diffusion of O2 and CO2 is passive
• Occurs if there is a difference of O2 or CO2 concentrations on both sides
of the membrane

How do organisms ‘solve’ common problems?

 UNIVERSITAS
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY I
Dec 2016

Physiological meaning of O2 and CO2

 O2 and CO2 constitute respiration gas

is consumed and produced through
cellular respiration
(CATABOLISM AEROBIC)
 O2 important for animals and humans
because O2 is an end electron acceptor
in cellular respiration 5
 UNIVERSITAS
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY I
Dec 2016

RESPIRATION

1. INTERNAL Respiration
2. EXTERNAL Respiration

6
 UNIVERSITAS
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY I
Dec 2016

INTERNAL RESPIRATION

Gas exchange takes place on the

surface of respiration
 O2 utilization by the mitochondria
(Oxidation Foodstuffs)

7
 UNIVERSITAS
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY I
Dec 2016

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

Gas exchange takes place in tissue

Respiratory gas exchange process
involving respiration ORGAN

pa
• LUNG
• GILL
• MODIFICATION OF THE
LUNGS AND GILLS
8
Animals can not survive without oxygen for
more than 3 minutes.
Therefore, every life animal must perform
respiration.

Mitochondrial respiration
production of ATP via oxidation of
carbohydrates, amino acids, or fatty acids.
Oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide
is produced
Mitochondrial respiration
Mitochondria
consume O2 to
produce ATP
Produce CO2 in
process
Organisms must
have mechanisms
to obtain O2 from
the environment
and get rid of CO2
→ External
respiration
 Respiratory strategies of
animals
• Unicellular and small
multicellular
organisms rely on
diffusion for gas
exchange
• Larger organisms
must rely on a
combination of bulk
flow and diffusion
for gas exchange,
i.e., they need a
respiratory system
Circulating the external medium
through the body
 Cutaneous respiration
Respiration through skin
Found in some aquatic invertebrates and a few vertebrates
Disadvantages: relatively low surface area
Conflict between respiration and protection

Salamander Annelid Lake Titicaca frog

 External gills
Gills originate as outpocketings (evaginations)

• Advantages: high surface area, exposed to

medium
• Disadvantages: easily damaged, not suitable in
air

Salamander
Polychaete
 Internal gills
• Advantages: High surface area, protected

• Disadvantages: not usually suitable in air

 Lungs
Originate as
infoldings
(invaginations)

• Advantages: High
surface area,
protected, suitable
for breathing air
• Disadvantages:
• not suitable in water
 Medium flows past the respiratory
surface in an unpredictable
pattern

Ventilation

1. Nondirectional
ventilation
 Medium moves in and out

2. Tidal
ventilation
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JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN
RESPIRATION

3. Unidirectional - medium enters the

chamber at one point and exits at
another
 a. Concurrent gas exchange
UNIVERSITAS
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN
RESPIRATION

O2 blood
leaving the
respiration
surface
balanced with
the external
medium
 b. Countercurrent gas exchange

O2 blood leaving the

respiration surface
can approach that of
inhaled O2 in the
medium.
The efficiency
depends on the rate
of blood flow and
medium, more
efficient when both
slow flow
c. Cross-current gas exchange

Crosscurrent flow, when the blood flow makes an

angle to the flow of the external medium.
PO2 efferent vessels leaving the respiration surface
is generally higher than concurrent, but lower than
the counter-current.
 • Basic types of respiratory systems
in animals
– Direct diffusion through cells

• Phyla Cnidaria

How to maximize diffusion?

– thin cell or tissue layers

– circulate water across outer

surface
• Circulate the external medium through an internal cavity
• In sponges flagella move water in through ostia and out through the osculum
Respiratory systems - physics

Diffusion
Diffusion is the
movement of
molecules from a high
concentration to a low
concentration

• Slow over long distances

• Fast over short distances
 Respiratory strategies of
animals

•Unicellular and small multicellular organisms

rely on diffusion for gas exchange
•Larger organisms must rely on a combination
of bulk flow and diffusion for gas
exchange, i.e., they need a respiratory
system
 Respiratory Strategies
Animals more than a few millimeters thick use one of
three respiratory strategies
– Circulating the external medium through the body
• Sponges, cnidarians, and insects
– Diffusion of gases across the body surface
accompanied by circulatory transport
• Cutaneous respiration
• Most aquatic invertebrates, some amphibians, eggs of birds
– Diffusion of gases across a specialized respiratory
surface accompanied by circulatory transport
• Gills (evaginations) or lungs (invaginations)
• Vertebrates
 Echinoderms – sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

• Most sea stars and sea

urchins use their tube feet
for gas exchange
• Water is sucked in and
exits through the
madreporite
• Sea stars also have
external gill-like structures
(respiratory papulae); cilia
move water over the
surface
 Hagfish
– A muscular pump (velum) propels water through the respiratory cavity
– Water enters the median nostril!!!! and leaves through a gill opening
– Flow is unidirectional
– Blood flow is countercurrent

• Brittle stars and sea cucumbers have internal

invaginations
• Brittle stars used cilia to move water into
bursae
• Sea cucumbers use muscular contractions of
the cloaca and the respiratory tree to breathe
water tidally though the anus
 UNIVERSITAS
Fish Respiratory System
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN

The structure of the internal parts of fish. Water

entered into mouth, past the gills and out
 UNIVERSITAS
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN

Artery Blood
Gill Lamellae
Vena Blood
RESPIRATION

Gill
Filament
Water

Fish Gill Structure

 UNIVERSITAS
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN

I
RB
RESPIRATION

A RO
KO

PO
I
PB

Diagram showing the mechanism of ventilation gills by

two pumps after inspiration. A: water, KO: oral valve, RB:
buccal cavity, PB: buccal pump, I: gills, RO: operkular
cavity, PO: pump operkular
 UNIVERSITAS

Water JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN

150 120 90 60 30

140 110 80 50 20

Blood
Counter current flow diagram on the gills of fish.
Figures show the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)
in water and blood.
32
Water flows in
through mouth,
over gills,
then out

33
34
Factors that influence Gas
Exchange
pressure gradients
partial pressure of gas
surface-to-volume ratio
ventilation
transport pigments
Amphibians
Bird lungs
– a one-way system
 UNIVERSITAS
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN

Most birds have 9 air sacs:

• one interclavicular sac
• two cervical sacs
• two anterior thoracic sacs
• two posterior thoracic sacs
• two abdominal sacs

38
 Bird Ventilation
Requires two cycles of inhalation and
exhalation
Air flow across the respiratory surfaces is
unidirectional