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Equations
CEE 331
September 28, 2018
Continuity Equation
Navier-Stokes Equation
(a bit of vector notation...)
Examples (all laminar flow)
Flow between stationary parallel horizontal
plates
Flow between inclined parallel plates
Pipe flow (Hagen Poiseuille)
Why Differential Equations?
A droplet of water
Clouds
Wall jet
Hurricane
Conservation of Mass in
Differential Equation Form
F
G IF v I
y J
Gv y J
H y KH y Kxz Mass flux out of differential volume
z
x
vxz Mass flux into differential volume
Continuity Equation
v
v
y y t
v
0 1-d continuity equation
y t
Continuity Equation
af af a f
u v w
0 3-d continuity equation
t x y z
divergence
u, v, w are
V 0 Vector notation velocities in x, y,
t
and z directions
If density is constant...
u v w
0 or in vector notation V 0
x y z
True everywhere! (contrast with CV equations!)
Continuity Illustrated
u v w y
0
x y z
v u
<0 \ >0
y x
x
Navier-Stokes Equations
V a F
Navier-Stokes Equation
a g p V 2
g is constant
a p g 2 V a is a function of t, x, y, z
a Inertial forces [N/m3], a is Lagrangian acceleration
Is acceleration zero when V/ t = 0? NO!
p g Pressure gradient (not due to change in elevation)
p g 0 then _____
If _________ V 0
du
V Shear stress gradient
2 V
dx
Notation: Total Derivative
Eulerian Perspective
D dt dx dy dz Total derivative
(t , x, y, z )
Dt t dt x dt y dt z dt (chain rule)
D Material or
(t , x, y, z ) u v w
Dt t x y z substantial derivative
DV V V V V
(t , x, y, z ) u v w
Dt t x y z Lagrangian acceleration
V V V V () () ()
a u v w () i j k
t x y z x y z
V () () ()
a V V V () u v w
t x y z
Application of Navier-Stokes
Equations
The equations are nonlinear partial
differential equations
No full analytical solution exists
The equations can be solved for several
simple flow conditions
Numerical solutions to Navier-Stokes
equations are increasingly being used to
describe complex flows.
Navier-Stokes Equations: A
Simple Case
No acceleration and no velocity gradients
a p g 2 V
0 p g
p g xyz could have any orientation
g
p p p
gx g y g z Let y be vertical upward
x y z
p p p Component of g in the x,y,z direction
0 g 0
x y z
p gy C For constant
Infinite Horizontal Plates:
Laminar Flow
Derive the equation for the laminar, steady, uniform flow
between infinite horizontal parallel plates. y
a p g 2 V
0 p g 2 V x
p 2u 2u 2u p 2u
x 0 gx 2 2 2 0 2
x x y z x y
v =0 Hydrostatic in y
p v v v
2 2 2
y 0 gy 2 2 2 p
y x y z 0 g
w = 0 y
p
z 0 gz 2
w 2
w 2
w
2 2 00
z x
2
y z
Infinite Horizontal Plates:
Laminar Flow
p 2u du
0 2
x y dy
du
dp y 2 dp
y
A dy dy Ay B u
dx dy 2 dx
Now we must find A and B… Boundary Conditions
Infinite Horizontal Plates:
Boundary Conditions
y
No slip condition
u = 0 at y = 0 and y = a a u
x
y 2 dp
Ay B u dp
2 dx let negative
be___________
dx
B0 What can we learn about ?
a dp du dp
a 2 dp
Aa 0 A y A
2 dx 2 dx dy dx
y y a dp a dp
u y
2 dx 2 dx
Laminar Flow Between Parallel
Plates
a g p 2 V
p 2u 2u 2u
0 gx 2 2 2 Write the x-component
x x y z
p 2u
0 gx 2
x y
Flow between Parallel Plates
p 2u
0 gx 2 u is only a function of y
x y
dp d 2u
0 gx 2 g x g ˆi
dx dy
y2 dp
u g x Ay B
2 dx
Boundary condition u = 0 at y = 0
0 00 B
Boundary condition u = U at y = a
a2 dp U a dp
U g x Aa A gx
2 dx a 2 dx
Uy y 2 ay dp
u gx
a 2 dx
Discharge
y y 2 ay dp
u U gx
a 2 dx
a
a
y y 2 ay dp
q udy U g x dy
0 a 2 dx
0
Ua a 3 dp
q
x g Discharge per unit width!
2 12 dx
Example: Oil Skimmer
An oil skimmer uses a 5 m wide x 6 m long
moving belt above a fixed platform (q=60º) to
skim oil off of rivers (T=10 ºC). The belt travels
at 3 m/s. The distance between the belt and the
fixed platform is 2 mm. The belt discharges into
an open container on the ship. The fluid is
actually a mixture of oil and water. To simplify
the analysis, assume crude oil dominates. Find
the discharge and the power required to move
the belt. g x h
= 860 kg/m 3
60º l
= 1x10-2 Ns/m2
g x
Example: Oil Skimmer 60º
Ua a 3 dp dp
q gx 0 g x g ˆi g cos(60) 0.5 g
2 12 dx dx
a 0.002 m U 3 m/s
(0.002 m)3
q
(3 m/s)(0.002 m)
2
12 1x10 N s/m
-2 2
0.5 9.806 m/s 2
860 kg/m 3
)
dominates
q = 0.0027 m2/s (per unit width) In direction of belt
h=3m P 344 W
Velocity Profiles
y y 2 ay dp
Pressure gradients u U
x g
and gravity have a 2 dx
the same effect. 3
2
u (m/s)
In the absence of 1
pressure gradients 0
oil
and gravity the -1
water
velocity profile is -2
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002
________
linear
y (m)
Example: No flow
r 2 R2 dp
vl gx R is radius of the tube
4 dx
R2 dp
vmax gx Max velocity when r = 0
4 dx
Velocity distribution is paraboloid of
R2 dp
V gx average velocity
revolution therefore _____________
8 dx (V) is 1/2 vmax
_____________
R4 dp
Q
x g Q = VA = VR2
8 dx
Laminar Flow through Circular
Tubes: Diagram
r 2 R2 dp
vl gx
4 dx
dvl r dp Velocity
gx
dr 2 dx
Shear (wall on fluid)
Laminar flow
dvl r dp
gx
dr 2 dx
Shear at the wall
Next slide!
r ghl True for Laminar or ghl d
0
2 l Turbulent flow 4l
Remember the approximations of no shear, no head loss?
Relationship between head loss
and pressure gradient for pipes
p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 1 hp z2 2 ht hl cv energy equation
1 g 2g 2 g 2g
p1 p2 Constant cross section
z1 z2 hl
1 g 2 g
In the energy equation
ghl p2 p1 gz2 gz1
the z axis is tangent to g
hl p z x is tangent to V
g g
x x x z
z x
g gx
hl p x
g gx
x x
l is distance between control
hl dp
g gx surfaces (length of the pipe)
l dx
The Hagen-Poiseuille Equation
hl dp Relationship between head loss
g gx
l dx and pressure gradient
Hagen-Poiseuille Laminar pipe flow equations
R4 dp
Q gx From Navier-Stokes
8 dx
What happens if you double the
R4 hl pressure gradient in a horizontal
Q g
8 l tube? ____________
flow doubles
D 4 ghl D 2 ghl
Q V V is average velocity
128 l 32 l
Example: Laminar Flow (Team
work)
R
Vl c
a
1254 kg / m h0.083m / sfa
3
0.005mf
0.8
0.62 Ns / m2