STRESS TRANSFORMATION

1. PLANE–STRESS TRANSFORMATION
General state of stress at a point is characterized by six independent
normal and shear stress components;  x ,  y ,  z ,  xy ,  yz , and  zx

Plane stress Plane stress

General State of stress (a simplification) (two dimensional view)
General plane stress at a point is represented by  x ,  y and  xy ,
which act on four faces of the element
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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
1. PLANE–STRESS TRANSFORMATION
y
y
If we rotate the element of the point in
 xy different orientation, we will have different
x values of the stresses
x

The stresses are now  x’ ,  y’ and  x’y’

y’
 y’ It is said that the stress components can be
 x’y’ x’
transformed from one orientation of an
 x’
element to the element having a different
orientation


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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
1. PLANE–STRESS TRANSFORMATION

45o

Failure of a brittle material Failure of a brittle material

in tension in torsion

Failure of a brittle material will occur when the maximum normal

stress in the material reaches a limiting value that is equal to the
ultimate normal stress

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
2. GENERAL EQUATION OF PLANE–STRESS TRANSFORMATION

y Sign Convention

A normal or shear stress component is
positive provided it acts in the positive
  xy
coordinate direction on the positive face of
x the element,

or it acts in the negative coordinate

direction on the negative face of the
element
x

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
2. GENERAL EQUATION OF PLANE–STRESS TRANSFORMATION

y
y y’ The orientation of the inclined plane,
x’ on which the normal and shear stress
 components are to be determined, will
x
be defined using the angle 

x
The angle  is measured from the
positive x to the positive x’

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
2. GENERAL EQUATION OF PLANE–STRESS TRANSFORMATION

(b)
(a)

The element in Fig.(a) is sectioned along the inclined plane and the
segment shown in Fig.(b) is isolated.

Assuming the sectioned area is  A, then the horizontal and vertical

faces of the segment have an area of  A sin and  A cos ,
respectively

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
2. GENERAL EQUATION OF PLANE–STRESS TRANSFORMATION

Resulting free-body diagram

The unknown normal and shear stress

components in the inclined plane,  x’
and  x’y’, can be determined from the
equations of force equilibrium

 Fx’ = 0  Fy’ = 0

x  y  x - y
We get  x' =  cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
2. GENERAL EQUATION OF PLANE–STRESS TRANSFORMATION

 y’  x’y’
 x’ Three stress components,  x’ ,  y’ and
 x’y’ , oriented along the x’, y’ axes

 x  y  x - y
 x' =  cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2

 x  y  x - y
 y' = - cos 2 -  xy sin 2
2 2
 x - y
 x' y' = - sin 2   xy cos 2
2
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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
3. PRINCIPAL STRESSES & MAX.IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESSES

To determine the maximum and minimum normal stress, we must

differentiate equation of  x’ with respect to  and set the result equal to
zero. This gives

d x'  x - y
= - (2sin 2 )  2 xy cos 2 = 0
d 2

Solving this equation, we obtain the orientation  =  p of the

planes of maximum and minimum normal stress

 xy
tan 2 p =
 x -  y  2

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
9-3 PRINCIPAL STRESSES & MAX.IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESSES

 xy
tan 2 p =
 x -  y  2

The solution has two roots;  p1 and  p2

 2 p2 = 2 p1 + 180o

Based on the equation of tan2 p

above, we can construct two shaded
triangles as shown in the figure

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
3. PRINCIPAL STRESSES & MAX.IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESSES
2
 x - y  2
sin 2 p1 =  xy     xy
 2 

2
 x - y   x - y  2
cos 2 p1 =       xy
 2   2 

sin 2 p2 = – sin 2 p1

cos 2 p2 = – cos 2 p1

The equation of the maximum/minimum normal stresses can be

found by substituting the above equations into  x’

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
3. PRINCIPAL STRESSES & MAX.IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESSES

In-plane principal stresses

Principal stresses = Maximum and minimum normal stress

2
 x  y  x - y  2
 1 ,2 =      xy
2  2 

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
3. PRINCIPAL STRESSES & MAX.IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESSES

2
 x  y  x - y  2
 1 ,2 =      xy
2  2 

Depending upon the sign chosen, this result gives the maximum or
minimum in-plane normal stress acting at a point, where  1   2.

This particular set of values,  1 and  2, are called the in-plane principal
stresses, and the corresponding planes on which they are act are called
the principal planes of stress

Furthermore, if the trigonometric relations for  p1 and  p2 are substituted

into equation of  x’y’, it can be seen that   x’y’ = 0; that is, no shear
stress acts on the principal planes

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
3. PRINCIPAL STRESSES & MAX.IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESSES

Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress

Similarly, to get the maximum shear stress, we must

differentiate equation of  x’y’ with respect to  and set the result
equal to zero. This gives

tan 2 s =

-  x - y 2 
 xy
The solution has two roots;  s1 and  s2



2 s2 = 2 s1 + 180o

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
3. PRINCIPAL STRESSES & MAX.IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESSES

The maximum shear stress can be found by taking the trigonometric

values of sin 2 s and cos 2 s from the figure and substituting them
into equation of  x’y’ . The result is

2
max  x - y  2
 in - plane =     xy (9-7)
 2 

Substituting the values for sin 2 s and cos 2 s into equation of  x’, we
see that there is also a normal stress on the planes of maximum in-
plane shear stress. We get
 x  y
 avg =
2
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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
4. MOHR’S CIRCLE - PLANE STRESS
We rewrite the stress component  x’ and  x’y’ as follows

 x  y  x - y
 x' =  cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x - y
 x' y' = - sin 2   xy cos 2
2

Squaring each equation and adding the equation

together can eliminate the parameter  . The result is
2 2
   x   y   x   y  2
 x' -     2 = R 2 R =     xy
2  x' y' 2 
    

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
4. MOHR’S CIRCLE - PLANE STRESS
2
   x   y 
 x' -     2 = R 2
2  x' y'
  

Since  x ,  y and  xy are known constants, the above equation

can be written in a more compact form as

 x' -  avg  2   x2' y' = R 2

 x  y
 avg =
2

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
4. MOHR’S CIRCLE - PLANE STRESS


 x' -  avg  2   x2' y' = R 2
 x  y  xy
 avg =
2 2
 x - y 
x R=     xy
2

 2 


This equation represents a circle having a radius R and

center on  axis at point C( avg, 0) as shown in the Figure

This circle is called MOHR’S CIRCLE

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
4. MOHR’S CIRCLE - PLANE STRESS
y Procedure how to draw and use Mohr’s circle
y A stress state of a point which all stresses  x ,
 xy  y and  xy are positive (just for example)

x x CONSTRUCTION OF MOHR’S CIRCLE

• Establish a coordinate system;
 - axis
 avg • Plot the center of the Mohr’s circle
C( avg, 0) on s axis
 avg = ( x +  y)/2
• Plot the reference point A( x,  xy).

C
 xy This represents  = 0
• Connect point A with the center C, and
A
x CA becomes the radius of the circle
• Sketch the circle
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 STRESS TRANSFORMATION
4. MOHR’S CIRCLE - PLANE STRESS
 ANALYSIS OF MOHR’S CIRCLE
1
 avg
E Principal Stresses  1 and  2
 max  s1
D B • Point B:  1
2 C • Point D:  2
 p1  xy
 max
F A
x Orientation of principal plane,  p1

Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress:  max = CE = CF

Orientation of maximum in-plane shear stress,  s1

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
5. STRESS IN SHAFT DUE TO COMBINED LOADINGS

 Occasionally, circular shafts are subjected to the combined

effects of torsion and axial load, or torsion and bending, or in fact
the combined effects of torsion, axial load, and bending load.

 Provided the material remains linear elastic, and is only subjected

to small deformation, and then we can use the principle of
superposition to obtain the resultant stress in the shaft due to the
combined loadings.
 The principal stress can then be determined using either
the stress transformation equations or Mohr’s circle

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 STRESS TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLE 1
Stress in Shafts Due to Axial Load and Torsion

An axial force of 900 N and a torque of

2.50 N.m are applied to the shaft as shown
in the figure. If the shaft has a diameter of
40 mm, determine the principal stresses at
a point P on its surface.

Internal Loadings
The internal loadings consist of the torque
and the axial load is shown in Fig.(b)
(a)
(b)

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 STRESS TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLE 1

Stress Components

 Due to axial load

F 900
 = = 2 = 716.2 kPa
A 2(0.02)

 Due to torsional load

(a)
(b)
T c ( 2.50)(0.02)
 = = = kPa
198.9
J  (0.02) 4
2

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLE 1
The state of stress at point P is defined by
these two stress components

Principal Stresses:
2
y  - y  2
 1 ,2 =      xy
2  2 
We get  1 = 767.8 kPa
 2 = – 51.6 kPa

The orientation of the principal plane:

-1 
  xy  
2 p = tan 
 =
 - y 2
– 29o

 p = 14.5O
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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLE 2
Stress in Shaft due to Bending Load and Torsion

A shaft has a diameter of 4 cm. The

cutting section shows in the figure is
T subjected to a bending moment of 2 kNm
and a torque of 2.5 kNm.

Determine:
1. The critical point of the section
x 2. The stress state of the critical point.
z 3. The principal stresses and its orientation

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLE 2
Analysis to identify the critical point

 Due to the torque T

Maximum shear stresses occur at the

T peripheral of the section.

 Due to the bending moment M

A Maximum tensile stress occurs at the

x
bottom point (A) of the section.
z

Conclusion: the bottom point (A) is the critical point

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLE 2
Stress components at point A
T  Due to the torque T

T c ( 2.50)(0.02)
= = = kPa
198.9
J  (0.02) 4
2
A
x
 Due to the bending moment M
z
M c (2.00)(0.02)
 = =  = kPa
4 318.3
Iz 4 (0.02)
198.9 kPa

318.3 kPa Stress state at critical point A

 x = 318.3 kPa  xy = 198.9 kPa

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLE 2

198.9 kPa Principal stresses

2
318.3 kPa   x    2
 1,2 = x    xy
2  2 
We get  1 = 413.9 kPa
 2 = – 95.6 kPa
2
1 The orientation of the principal plane:
25.65 o

  xy 
-1
2 p = tan  = 51.33o
  x  2 
 p = 25.65O

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLE 3
Stress in Shafts Due to Axial Load, Bending Load and Torsion

A shaft has a diameter of 4 cm. The cutting section shows in the

figure is subjected to a compressive force of 2500 N, a bending
moment of 800 Nm and a torque of 1500 Nm.

Determine: 1. The stress state of point A.

2. The principal stresses and its orientation

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STRESS TRANSFORMATION
EXAMPLE 3
Analysis of the stress components at point A
F
 Due to comprsv load:  A' = -
A
Tc
 Due to torsional load: A =
J
Mc
 Due to bending load:  A'' = -
Iz
(compressive stress)
Stress state at point A

Shear stress:  = A

Normal stress:  =  A’ +  A”

SOLVE THIS PROBLEM !!!

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