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Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger adalah jenis Heat Exchanger yang paling umum
dipergunakan pada proses Refinary Oil and Gas dan Petrochemical.

Dalam hal design Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (STHE), standar yang dipakai
adalah ASME Section VIII dan TEMA Class R, atau API 660
Ada dua sisi utama dalam design STHE, Shell Side dan Tube Side.
Tabung mungkin berbentuk lurus atau bengkokkan dimana dengan bentuk U atau
sering disebut dengan U-tubes.

Class of HE (TEMA p:31)

1. Class R : for severe requirements of petroleum processing (and
usually including most large scale processing applications)
2. Class C : for general commercial application
3. Class B : for chemical process service
• Straight Tube, Fixed Tubesheet. Types in this category include BEM, AEM
and NEN.
• This TEMA type is the simplest design and is constructed without packed
or gasketed joints on the shell side. The tubesheet is welded to the shell,
and the heads are bolted to the tubesheet. On the NEN heat exchanger, the
shell and head are welded to the tubesheet. Typically, a cover-plate design
is provided to facilitate tube cleaning. This TEMA category is the lowest
cost TEMA design per square foot of heat transfer surface.
• This design has several advantages. It provides maximum amount of
surface for a given shell and tube diameter, and it provides for single- and
multiple-tube passes to ensure proper velocity. Heat exchangers of this
design may be interchangeable with other manufacturers of the same
TEMA type.
• This design also has limitations. Its shell side can be cleaned only by
chemical methods. No provision exists to allow for differential thermal
expansion between the outer shell and tubes, so an expansion joint must
be used
• Removable Bundle, Externally Sealed Floating Tubesheet. Types in this
category include AEW and BEW.
• This design allows for the removal, inspection and cleaning of the shell
circuit and shell interior. The special floating tubesheet prevents
intermixing of fluids.
• This design offers several advantages. The floating tubesheet allows for
differential thermal expansion between the shell and tube bundle. The
shell circuit can be inspected and steam or mechanically cleaned. The tube
bundle can be repaired or replaced without disturbing shell-side piping. For
a removable bundle design, it provides the maximum surface for a given
shell diameter.
• This design also has limitations. The fluids in both the shell and tube
circuits must be nonvolatile and nontoxic. Tube-side passes are limited to
one- or two-pass designs. In addition, all tubes are attached to two
tubesheets. Tubes cannot expand independently, so large temperature
differential applications should be avoided. Finally, its packing materials
produce limits on design pressure and temperature.
• Removable Bundle, Outside Packed Floating Head. This type includes BEP and
AEP.
• Its design allows for easy tube bundle removal and inspection and cleaning of the
shell circuit and shell interior. Its special floating tubesheet prevents fluid
intermixing.
• Advantages of this type include the removable bundle, externally sealed floating
tubesheet design. This TEMA design's floating tubesheet allows for differential
thermal expansion be-tween the shell and the tube bundle. Its shell circuit can be
inspected and steam cleaned. In addition, if the tube bundle has a square tube
pitch, passing a brush between the rows of tubes can clean them. The tube
bundle can be repaired or replaced without disturbing shell piping. Only the shell-
side fluids are exposed to packing, so toxic or volatile fluids can be cooled in the
tube-side circuit. It provides a large bundle entrance area, reducing the need for
entrance domes for proper fluid distribution.
• This design also has several limitations. Shell-side fluids are limited to
nonvolatile, nontoxic materials. Its packing limits the shell-side design
temperature and pressure. All of the tubes are attached to two tubesheets, and
the tubes cannot expand independently, so that large thermal shock applications
should be avoided. Finally it provides less surface per given shell and tube
diameter than AEW or BEW.
• Removable Bundle, Floating Head With Backing Device. This type includes
AES and BES.
• It is well suited for applications requiring frequent tube-bundle removal for
inspection and cleaning. This heat exchanger type uses a straight-tube
design suitable for large differential temperatures between the shell and
tube fluids. It is more forgiving to thermal shock than AEW or BEW designs.
• The design provides several advantages. Its floating head allows for
differential thermal expansion between the shell and the tube bundle. Its
shell circuit can be inspected and steam cleaned, and if it has a square tube
layout, tubes can be mechanically cleaned. It provides higher surface per
given shell and tube diameter than pull-through designs such as AET and
BET. Also, it provides a multipass tube circuit arrangement.
• One limitation is that the shell cover, backing device and floating head
cover must be removed to remove the tube bundle.
• Removable Bundle, Pull-Through Floating Head. Types in this
category include AET and BET, which are suitable for applications that
require frequent tube bundle removal for inspection and cleaning as
the floating head is bolted directly to the floating tubesheet. This
prevents having to remove the floating head to pull the tube bundle.
• This design has several advantages. A floating head design allows for
differential thermal expansion between the shell and the tube
bundle. The shell circuit can be inspected and steam or mechanically
cleaned. There is a large bundle entrance area for proper fluid
distribution and a multipass tube circuit arrangement.
• For a given set of conditions, this TEMA style is the most expensive
design. Also, there is less surface per given shell-and-tube diamater
than other removable designs.
• Removable Bundle, U-Tube. This type includes BEU and AEU. Because each
tube can expand and contract independently, this design is suitable for
larger thermal shock applications.
• The U-tube design allows for differential thermal expansion between the
shell and the tube bundle as well as for individual tubes. Other advantages
include a shell circuit that can be inspected and steam or mechanically
cleaned. This design also provides a multipass tube circuit arrangement.
The bundle can be removed from one end for cleaning or replacement.
• This design also has several limitations. Because of U-bend, tubes can be
cleaned only by chemical means. Also, because of U-tube nesting, the
individual tubes are difficult to replace. No single tube pass or true
countercurrent flow is possible, and tube wall thickness at the U-bend is
thinner than at straight portion of tubes. Draining the tube circuit is
difficult when mounted with the vertical position with the head side up.
• cleaning : TEMA section 4 p:28
• Cleaning method : TEMA section 4 p:29
• U-tube spacing, tube pattern n pitch TEMA p:37
• Shell : TEMA section 5 p:38