Overview of The Respiratory System: DR I Nyoman Widajadnja, M.Kes

OVERVIEW OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
dr I Nyoman Widajadnja, M.Kes

(Fisiologi Olahraga dan Cedera)
TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN APAKAH
YANG INGIN DICAPAI?
• Memahami & menjelaskan struktur sistem pernapasan

• Memahami & menjelaskan fungsi sistem pernapasan
• Memahami & menjelaskan mekanisme fungsi sistem
pernapasan
• Memahami & menjelaskan regulasi fungsi sistem
pernapasan
• Memahami & menjelaskan hubungan fungsi sistem
pernapasan dengan sistem lain
• Memahami & menjelaskan kepentingannya dengan
(calon) sarjana kedokteran (S.Ked) dan dokter
Klasifikasi : Structurally and Functionally
Structurally : 2 parts
1. Upper Respiratory system : nasal,
pharynx
2. Lower respiratory system : larynx,
trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Functionally : 2 parts
1. Conducting Zone
2. Respiratory zone
• System Conducting Zone: consist a series
of interconecting cavity and tubes,
functioned as to filters, warm, moisten air
and conduct to lungs: nasal, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiolus,
bronchiolus terminalis
• The Respiratory Zone : lungs tissue  the
gas exchange occurs: Bronchiolus
respiratorius, ductus alveolus, saccus
alveolus, alveoli. (main set of the gas
exchange between air ~ blood)
• Ruang lingkup THT : Ears, Nose,
Larynx (ENT)
= othorhinolaryngology
• Pulmonologist is a specialist in
diagnosis and treatment of desease
of the lungs
Chapter 9
Respiratory System
Points to Ponder
• What are the parts and function of the upper and lower
respiratory system?
• What is the mechanism for expiration and inspiration?
• How is breathing controlled by the nervous system and
through chemicals?
• Where and how is exchange of gases accomplished?
• What are some common respiratory infections and
disorders?
• What do you know about tobacco and health?
• What is your opinion about bans and legislation on
smoking?
9.1 The respiratory system
Overview of the respiratory system

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Nasal cavity
filters, warms, and moistens air
Pharynx
passageway where pathway
for air and food cross
Upper
Glottis
Respiratory
space between the vocal chords;
Tract
opening to larynx
Larynx
(voice box); produces sound
Trachea
(windpipe); passage of air
to bronchi
Bronchus
passage of air to lungs
Bronchioles
Lower passage of air to alveoli
Respiratory
Tract Lung
contains alveoli (air sacs);
carries out gas exchange
Diaphragm
skeletal muscle; functions
in ventilation
What is the pathway that air follows?
nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchus
bronchioles
alveoli
What constitutes the upper respiratory tract?
• Nose sinus
• Pharynx nasal cavity

sinus
• Larynx hard
palate
tonsil
pharynx
nasopharynx
nares
uvula
mouth
tongue oropharynx
tonsils
epiglottis
laryngo-
pharynx
glottis
larynx esophagus
trachea
The nose
• Opens at the nostrils/nares and leads into the nasal
cavities
• Hairs and mucus in the nose filters the air
• The nasal cavity has lot of capillaries that warm and

moisten the air
• Specialized cells act as odor receptors
• Tear glands drain into the nasal cavities that can lead to
a runny nose
9.2 The upper respiratory tract
The pharynx
• Funnel-shaped cavity commonly called the
“throat”
• 3 portions based on location: nasopharynx,

oropharynx and laryngopharynx
• Tonsils provide a lymphatic defense during

breathing at the junction of the oral cavity
and pharynx
9.2 The upper respiratory tract
The larynx
• Triangular, cartilaginous
base of
structure that passes air tongue
between the pharynx and Epiglottis
trachea Vocal
cords
• Called the voice box and glottis
houses vocal cords

© CNRI/ Phototake
• There are 2 mucosal folds

that make up the vocal
cords with an opening in the
middle called the glottis
9.3 The lower respiratory tract
What constitutes the lower respiratory tract?

• Trachea
Nasal cavity
• Bronchial tree filters, warms, and moistens air

Pharynx
passageway where pathway
• Lungs Upper for air and food cross

Glottis
Respiratory
space between the vocal chords;
Tract
opening to larynx
Larynx
(voice box); produces sound
Trachea
(windpipe); passage of air
to bronchi
Bronchus
passage of air to lungs
Bronchioles
Lower passage of air to alveoli
Respiratory
Tract Lung
contains alveoli (air sacs);
carries out gas exchange
Diaphragm
skeletal muscle; functions
in ventilation
The trachea
cilia goblet cell
• A tube, often called the
windpipe, that connects
the larynx with the 1°
bronchi
• Made of connective
tissue, smooth muscle
and cartilaginous rings
• Lined with cilia and

2,865
mucus that help to keep © Dr. Kessel & Dr. Kardon/Tissues & Organs/Visuals Unlimited
X
the lungs clean
The bronchial tree

• Starts with two main bronchi that lead from
the trachea into the lungs
• The bronchi continue to branch until they

are small bronchioles about 1mm in
diameter with thinner walls
• Bronchioles eventually lead to elongated

sacs called alveoli
The Bronchial Tree
The lungs
• The bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

beyond the 1° bronchi make up the lungs
• The right lung has 3 lobes while the left

lung has 2 lobes that divide into lobules
• Each lung is enclosed by membranes

called pleura
Please note that due to differing
operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide
Show view). You may see blank slides
in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views.
All animations will appear after viewing
in Presentation Mode and playing each
animation. Most animations will require
the latest version of the Flash Player,
which is available at
http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
The alveoli
Pulmonary Pulmonary
vein artery
• 300 million in the lungs that blood flow blood flow
greatly increase surface area pulmonary arteriole

contains much CO2,
little O2
• Alveoli are enveloped by blood bronchiole
capillaries
pulmonary venule
contains much O2,
• The alveoli and capillaries are

little CO2
one layer of epithelium to allow lobule
exchange of gases
• Alveoli are lined with surfactant

that act as a film to keep
alveoli open
capillary
network
alveoli
9.4 Mechanism of breathing
Two phases of breathing/ventilation
1. Inspiration – an active process of

inhalation that brings air into the lungs
2. Expiration – usually a passive process of

exhalation that expels air from the lungs
Hukum Fisika yang berperan
1. Boyle` low
2. Dalton`s law
3. Henry`s law
4. La Place law
5. Hukum kekekal masa % Hb satu-
ration (dari plasma ke SDM Hb)
Hukum Boyle`s
• Udara mengalir dari tekanan tinggi ke
tekanan yang rendah
• Inspirasi  membuat tekanan di dalam
rongga dada lebih rendah dari atmosfer
udara atmosfer masuk ke dalam rongga
dada
• Ekspirasi  membuat tekanan di dalam
dada lebih tinggi dari atmosfer udara
dlm dada dikeluarkan ke atmosfer
Boyle` law
• P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
• Persamaan gas ideal... PV = nRT......P =
tekanan, V = volume, n = mol gas, T=
suhu, R = konstanta gas universal
8,3145j/mol x K
• Pd Manusia jmlh mol dan suhu nilainya
konstan....... V = 1/P..... Jadi bila Vol ↑
maka tekanan P ↓
Inspiration
• The diaphragm and intercostal trachea

muscles contract
Rib cage
moves
• The diaphragm flattens and the up and out.
rib cage moves upward and External intercostal muscles

pull the ribs outward.
outward
lungs
Diaphragm contracts
• Volume of the thoracic cavity and moves down.
and lungs increase

air in
• The air pressure within the

lung
lungs decrease When
Pressure
in lungs
rib cage
decreases,
• Air flows into the lungs air comes

rushing in.
a. Inspiration
Expiration
• The diaphragm and intercostal

muscles relax
• The diaphragm moves upward Rib cage

moves
and becomes dome-shape down and in.
• The rib cage moves downward Internal intercostal muscles

pull the ribs inward during
and inward forced expiration.
Diaphragm relaxes
•
and moves up.
Volume of the thoracic cavity and
lungs decrease
air out
• The air pressure within the lungs

increases
When
Pressure
• Air flows out of the lungs in lungs

increases,
air is
pushed out.
b. Expiration
Different volumes of air during breathing
• Tidal volume – the small amount of air that usually

moves in and out with each breath
• Vital capacity – the maximum volume of air that can be

moved in plus the maximum amount that can be moved
out during one breath
• Inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume – the

increased volume of air moving in or out of the body
• Residual volume – the air remaining in the lungs after

exhalation
Visualizing the vital capacity

5,800
maximum inspiratory
4,800 expiration reserve
maximum
Average Lung Volume (ml)
volume
inspiration
vital
3,600 capacity
total
2,900 tidal Lung
volume capacity
2,400
expiratory
reserve
volume
1,200
residual residual
volume volume
0
© Burger/Photo Researchers, Inc.

9.5 Control of ventilation
How is breathing controlled by the
nervous system? Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Nervous control: brain
– Respiratory control center respiratory center

in the brain (medulla region of the brain that
automatically regulates
oblongata) sends out breathing
nerve impulses to
contract muscle for intercostal nerves
inspiration stimulate the intercostal
muscles to contract
external intercostal muscles

help expand the thoracic
– Sudden infant death cavity by contracting
phrenic nerve
syndrome (SIDS) is stimulates the diaphragm
to contract
thought to occur when
diaphragm
this center stops sending helps expand the thoracic
cavity by flattening when
out nerve signals it contracts
9.5 Control of ventilation
How is breathing chemically controlled?
• Chemical control:
– 2 sets of chemoreceptors sense the drop in
pH: one set is in the brain and the other in the
circulatory system
– Both are sensitive to carbon dioxide levels

that change blood pH due to metabolism
Dalton`s Law
• Hukum Gas: hukum yang mengatur
kelarutan gas ke dalam larutan
• Tekanan atmosfer normal = 760 mmHg
• Udara atmosfer satuannya: mmHg yi
1mmHg = 1,36 cm H2O
• 760 mmHg = 101,325 kPa
Dalton`s Law
• Hk dalton : tekanan total dari campuran
gas = jumlah dari tekanan masing-2 gas
• Atmosfer 760 mmHg 78% N2, 21% O2,
0,04% CO2...dst
• Dalam Fisiologi bukan hanya oleh Hk
Dalton, tapi juga oleh masing-2 tekanan
partill O2 dan CO2 ikut menentukan
Henry`s law
• Kwantitas gas yg akan terlarut berbanding
lurus dg tekanan partiil gas dan daya
kelarutan gas
• Semakin ↑ tek partiil dan semakin ↑ daya
kelarutan  semakin kuat gas tertahan
dalam larutan
• Contoh: soft drink
9.6 Gas exchanges in the body
Exchange of gases in the body

• Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
• The exchange of gases is dependent on diffusion
• Partial pressure is the amount of pressure each

gas exerts (PCO2 or PO2)
• Oxygen and carbon dioxide will diffuse from the

area of higher to the area of lower partial pressure
External respiration
• Exchange of gases between the lung alveoli and the
blood capillaries
• PCO2 is higher in the lung capillaries than the air thus
CO2 diffuses out of the plasma into the lungs (Henry`s
law)
• The partial pressure pattern for O2 is just the opposite,
so O2 diffuses to the red blood cells in the lungs
Carbon dioxide transport: carbonic
H+ + HCO3- H2CO3 anhydrase H2O + CO2
Oxygen transport:
Hb + O2 HbO2
Internal respiration
• The exchange of gases between the blood and the
tissue fluid in the capillaries outside of the lungs
• PO2 is higher in the capillaries than the tissue fluid thus
O2 diffuses out of the blood into the tissues
Oxyhemoglobin gives up oxygen:
HbO2 Hb + O2
Most CO2 is carried as a bicarbonate ion:

carbonic
CO2 + H2O anhydrase H2CO3 H3 + HCO3-
The movement of oxygen and carbon

dioxide in the body
alveolus plasma pulmonary

HCO3 - capillary
H+ + HCO3-
External respiration
Hb H+ RBC
CO2
H2CO3
CO2 H2O Hb O2
RBC O2
O2
Hb CO2
Pulmonary
capillary alveolus plasma
CO2 exits blood O2 O2 enters blood

CO2
a. lung
pulmonary artery pulmonary vein
heart
tissue cells
systemic vein systemic artery
HCO3- plasma
plasma
H+ + HCO3- CO2 O2
systemic systemic RBC
RBC capillary capillary
Hb H+ H2CO3
CO2 Internal respiration Hb
H2O
Hb CO2
Tissue Tissue Tissue Tissue

fluid cell cell fluid
CO2 enters blood O2 exits blood
b.
9.7 Respiration and health
Upper respiratory tract infections

• Sinusitis – blockage of sinuses
• Otitis media – infection of the middle ear
• Tonsillitis – inflammation of the tonsils
• Laryngitis – infection of the larynx that

leads to loss of voice
Lower respiratory tract disorders

• Pneumonia – infection of the lungs with thick, fluid build up
• Tuberculosis – bacterial infection that leads to tubercles (capsules)
• Pulmonary fibrosis – lungs lose elasticity because fibrous

connective tissue builds up in the lungs usually because of inhaled
particles
• Emphysema – chronic, incurable disorder in which alveoli are

damaged and thus the surface area for gas exchange is reduced
• Asthma – bronchial tree becomes irritated causing breathlessness,

wheezing and coughing
• Lung cancer – uncontrolled cell division in the lungs that is often

caused by smoking and can lead to death
Health focus: Things you should know about

tobacco and health
• All forms of tobacco can cause damage
• Smoking increases a person’s chance of lung, mouth, larynx,

esophagus, bladder, kidney, pancreas, stomach and cervix
• The 5-year survival rate for people with lung cancer is only
13%
• Smoking also increases the chance of chronic bronchitis

emphysema, heart disease, stillbirths and harm to an unborn
child
• Passive smoke can increase a nonsmokers chance of

pneumonia, bronchitis and lung cancer
Bioethical focus: What do you think?

• Is it ethical to ban smoking?
• Does restricting the freedom to smoke segregate people

based on habit?
• Are nonsmokers infringing upon smokers or are smokers

infringing upon nonsmokers? Is it both?
• Will this legislation help smokers quit?
• Should smoking be banned in bars and casinos?
• Do smoking bans hurt the economy?

Overview of The Respiratory System: DR I Nyoman Widajadnja, M.Kes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Overview of The Respiratory System: DR I Nyoman Widajadnja, M.Kes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

OVERVIEW OF THE

dr I Nyoman Widajadnja, M.Kes

• Memahami & menjelaskan struktur sistem pernapasan

Overview of the respiratory system

• Pharynx nasal cavity

• Hairs and mucus in the nose filters the air

• The nasal cavity has lot of capillaries that warm and

• Specialized cells act as odor receptors

• 3 portions based on location: nasopharynx,

• Tonsils provide a lymphatic defense during

• Called the voice box and glottis

houses vocal cords

• There are 2 mucosal folds

What constitutes the lower respiratory tract?

• Bronchial tree filters, warms, and moistens air

• Lungs Upper for air and food cross

• Lined with cilia and

The bronchial tree

• The bronchi continue to branch until they

• Bronchioles eventually lead to elongated

• The bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

• The right lung has 3 lobes while the left

• Each lung is enclosed by membranes

• 300 million in the lungs that blood flow blood flow

greatly increase surface area pulmonary arteriole

• Alveoli are enveloped by blood bronchiole

• The alveoli and capillaries are

one layer of epithelium to allow lobule

• Alveoli are lined with surfactant

Two phases of breathing/ventilation

1. Inspiration – an active process of

2. Expiration – usually a passive process of

• The diaphragm and intercostal trachea

rib cage moves upward and External intercostal muscles

and lungs increase

• The air pressure within the

• Air flows into the lungs air comes

• The diaphragm and intercostal

• The diaphragm moves upward Rib cage

• The rib cage moves downward Internal intercostal muscles

• The air pressure within the lungs

• Air flows out of the lungs in lungs

Different volumes of air during breathing

• Tidal volume – the small amount of air that usually

• Vital capacity – the maximum volume of air that can be

• Inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume – the

• Residual volume – the air remaining in the lungs after

Visualizing the vital capacity

© Burger/Photo Researchers, Inc.

• Nervous control: brain

– Respiratory control center respiratory center

external intercostal muscles

How is breathing chemically controlled?

– Both are sensitive to carbon dioxide levels

Exchange of gases in the body

• The exchange of gases is dependent on diffusion

• Partial pressure is the amount of pressure each

• Oxygen and carbon dioxide will diffuse from the

Most CO2 is carried as a bicarbonate ion:

The movement of oxygen and carbon

alveolus plasma pulmonary

CO2 exits blood O2 O2 enters blood

pulmonary artery pulmonary vein