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STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
COURSE
INTRODUCTION
Details of Lecturer
Email: ekwue@eng.uwi.tt ,
Tel. No. : 662 2002 Extension 3171
Office Hours: 9 a.m. to 12 Noon. (Tue,
Wed and Friday)
COURSE GOALS
3. Statically Determinate Stress Systems. St. Venant’s Principle. Stress Analysis of axially
loaded bars. Strains and deformations in axially loaded bars. Statically Indeterminate stress
systems
4. Shear Force and Bending Moment in Beams. Mathematical relationships between load
intensity, shearing force and bending moment. Bending stresses in beams. Beams of
two materials.
COURSE WORK
1. One Mid-Semester Test (20%);
2. Practical report (15%) and
3. End of Semester 1 Examination (65%).
ME16A: CHAPTER ONE
Tension
Compression
1.2 Direct or Normal Strain
F F
L dl
A B
Shear strain is the distortion produced by shear stress on
an element or rectangular block as above. The shear
strain, (gamma) is given as:
= x/L = tan
Shear Stress and Shear Strain
Concluded
For small ,
P 1
Q
2
2 S R
1
Consider a small element, PQRS of the material in the
last diagram. Let the shear stress created on faces PQ
and RS be 1
Complimentary Shear Stress
Contd.
v x y z
Strains Contd.
v 2 D L
Direct stress
Modulus of Elasticity, E =
Direct strain
Shear stress
Also: For Shear stress: Modulus of rigidity or shear modulus, G =
Shear strain
P
A1 A2 A3 P
L1 L2 L3
dl
L
F L1 L2 L3
M
O
P
N
E A1 A2 A3 Q
Factor of Safety
Stress
Proof Stress P
Strain
A
B1 dx
P P
B2
L
Solution
u z
0
L P
Ax E
dx z
L
0
P
( B1 Kx ) t E
dx
u
P
tE zL dx
0 B kx
1
P
KtE
ln B1 Kx
L
0
P B K L
u ln 1
KtE B1
Solution Contd.
50,000 N 10
u ln 0.01386 cm
10 5 5
( ) x 1 cm x 2 x10 7
40
Solution Concluded
Substituting back for K,
P B1 B2 B1
u ln
B2 B1 B1
( )t E
L
P B
u ln 2
B B1 B1
( 2 )t E
L
In problem, t = 1 cm, B1 = 5 cm, B2 = 10 cm, L = 40 cm,
P = 50,000 N, E = 2 x 107 N/cm2
50,000 N 10
u ln 0.01386 cm
10 5 5
( ) x 1 cm x 2 x10 7
40
1.9 Lateral Strain and Poisson’s Ratio
P P
P P
Lateral strain
Mathematically,
Direct or longitudinal strain
For most metals, the range of is 0.28 to 0.33.
1.10 Thermal Strain
= T
E
1.11. Principle of Superposition
1
i. e. x { x ( y z )}
E
1
y { y ( x z )} Generalised Hooke’s Law in three dimensions
E
1
z { z ( x y )}
E
General Stress-Strain Relationships
Contd.
1
x { x ( y z )} t
E
1
y { y ( x z )} t
E
1
z { z ( x y )} t
E
xy yz zx
xy ; yz ; zx
G G G
Try On Your Own
1 2
Show that : v ( x y z )
E
Example
Example: A plate of uniform thickness 1 cm and dimension 3 x 2 cm is acted upon by
the loads shown. Taking E = 2 x 107 N/cm2, determine x and y . Poisson’s ratio is
0.3. 42 kN
y
18 kN 2 cm 18 kN
x
42 kN
3cm
Solution
18000 N
x 9000 N / cm2
2cm x 1cm
42000 N
y 14000 N / cm2
3cm x 1cm
E 2 x 107
1 1
and y [ y x ] [14000 0.3( 9000] 565 x 10 6
E 2 x 107
1.13 Relationship between Elastic
Modulus (E) and Bulk Modulus, K
It has been shown that : v x y z
1
x x ( y z )
E
For hydrostatic stress, x y z
1
i. e. x 2 1 2
E E
Similarly , y and z are each 1 2
E
v x y z Volumetric strain
3
v 1 2
E
3
E 1 2
v
Volumetric or hydrostatic stress
Bulk Modulus, K
Volumetric strain v
E
i. e. E 3 K 1 2 and K
3 1 2
Maximum Value For Poisson’s
Ratio
A compound bar is one comprising two or more parallel elements, of different materials,
which are fixed together at their end. The compound bar may be loaded in tension or
compression.
1 2
F F
Section through a typical compound bar consisting of a circular bar (1) surrounded by a
tube (2)
1.14.1 Stresses Due to Applied Loads
in Compound Bars
F 1 A1
1 E 2 A2 L
M
1 A1
E 2 A2 O
P
E1 N E1 Q
F E1 F E2
1 and 2
E1 A1 E 2 A2 E1 A1 E 2 A2
1.14.2 Temperature stresses in
compound bars
1 1
2 2
L
(a) L 1 T
1
L 2 T
FL
2 {b}
A1 E1
F 1 F
F 2 F
FL
(c)
A2 E 2
Temperature stresses in compound
bar Contd.
i. e. 1 A1
L
MA E AE O
2
P
T (
2 1 1
2)
2 {b}
A1 E1
N E E A1A Q 2 1 2
1
F 1 F
T ( 1 2 ) A2 E1 E2
1
A1 E1 A2 E2 F 2 F
FL
(c)
A2 E 2
T ( 1 2 ) A1 E1 E2
2
A1 E1 A2 E2
Note: As a result of Force, F, bar (1) will be in compression while (2) will be in tension.
Example
30 Brass rod 20 36
Steel tube
x 202
Area of brass rod (Ab) = 314.16 mm2
4
x (362 302 )
Area of steel tube (As) = 31102
. mm2
4
6
As E s 311.02 x 10 m x 210 x 10 9 N / m 2 0.653142 x 108 N
2
1
153106
. x 108
As E s
Solution Contd.
1 1
i. e. F[ ] T ( b s )
As E s Ab Eb
i.e. F[1.53106 + 3.9788736] x 10 -8 = 3 x 10 -4
F = 5444.71 N
Solution Concluded
5444.71N
Stress in steel tube = 2
17.51N / mm2 17.51 MN / m2 (Tension)
31102
. mm
5444.71N
Stress in brass rod = 2
17.33 N / mm 2
17.33 MN / m 2
(Compression)
314.16 mm
(b) Stresses due to compression force, F’ of 20 kN
F ' Es 20 x 103 N x 210 x 109 N / m2
s 46.44 MN / m 2
(Compression)
E s As Eb Ab 0.653142 0.251327 x 10 8
0.2 mm
0.4 mm
F 40 mm dia d F
2 x 210 x 0.0402 2
d
2
m ; d 0.07816 m 7816
. mm.
110
Thus for a loading of 30 kN
30 x 103 N
Stress in steel, s / 4 x 0.0402 x 10 6 23.87 MN / m
2
30 x 103 N
Stress in copper, c / 4 x 0.078162 x 10 6 9 MN / m
2
1.15 Elastic Strain Energy
Extension
dl
Work done = strain energy of bar = shaded area
Elastic Strain Energy Concluded
W = U = 1/2 P dl (1)
Stress,
= P/A i.e P = A
Strain = Stress/E
i.e dl/L = /E , dl = ( L)/E L= original length
Substituting for P and dl in Eqn (1) gives:
W = U = 1/2 A .( L)/E = 2
/2E x A L
A L is the volume of the bar.
2
i.e U= /2E x Volume
The units of strain energy are same as those of work i.e. Joules. Strain energy
2
per unit volume, /2E is known as resilience. The greatest amount of energy that can
stored in a material without permanent set occurring will be when is equal to the
elastic limit stress.