Calick D. Arrieta, M Ed.

Division Science Mentor

 Informs the reader of the problem under study. It sets
the scene for your report.

 The primary goal of the introductory paragraphs is to

catch the attention of the readers and to get them
"turned on" about the subject. It sets the stage for the
paper and puts your topic in perspective. The
introduction often contains dramatic and general
statements about the need for the study. It uses
dramatic illustrations or quotes to set the tone. When
writing the introduction, put yourself in your reader's
position - would you continue reading?
This includes:

 Background of the Study

 Statement of the
Problem/Objectives
 Significance of the Study
 Scope/Delimitation/limitations
 Review of Related Literature
 States the rationale of the study. It explains
briefly why the investigator chose this study
to work on.
 This presents the reasons that led the
investigator to launch the study. A historical
background may be given. Or the background
of the study may state some observations
and other relevant conditions that prompted
the investigator to explore the problem.
Some questions to guide you while writing this part of the
paper are the following:
 Why did I select this research project?
 Are there others who done similar studies?
 What have the others done or not done that moved or
spurred me to work on this problem?
 What are my own observations which are relevant to the
study?
 Will the results of the study make any contribution in the
attainment of a better quality of life?
 The nature and scope of the problem should
be presented with clarity. Two types of
objectives may be stated:
 General – this is related to the problem as
given in the early part of the section.
 Specific – this states the purpose of each
experiment conducted.
States these such that they are definitely and
clearly related to the data obtained.
This must state what you aimed to
accomplished. Whether the problem is
stated in the form of a question or a
declarative statement, always use brief,
precise and accurate statements. The
objectives should be stated positively
and in the declarative form.
 The statement of the problem is the focal
point of your research. It is just one sentence
(with several paragraphs of elaboration).
 You are looking for something wrong.
....or something that needs close attention
....or existing methods that no longer seem
to be working.
 The purpose explains what the study intends to
accomplish. A few typical statements are:
The goal of this study is to...
... overcome the difficulty with ...
... discover what ...
... understand the causes or effects of ...
... refine our current understanding of ...
... provide a new interpretation of ...
... understand what makes ___ successful or
unsuccessful
 States the importance of the study. State why the study is
worth making and how it can contribute to you as an
individual to your community and to your country.
 This section creates a perspective for looking at the
problem. It points out how your study relates to the larger
issues and uses a persuasive rationale to justify the reason
for your study. It makes the purpose worth pursuing. The
significance of the study answers the questions:
Why is your study important?
To whom is it important?
What benefit(s) will occur if your study is done?
States the coverage and extent of the study.
 Delimitation refers to the scope and extent
of your study within the subject or topic area.
 Limitation includes the time, money,
personnel, tools and techniques involved. It also
includes the extent of your knowledge and
experience in the area.
 Moreover, it includes the practical and ethical
considerations affected the way you designed
and executed your research plan.
 It is important to narrow down your thesis topic and
limit the scope of your study. The researcher should
inform the reader about limits or coverage of the
study. The scope identifies the boundaries of the
study in term of subjects, objectives, facilities, area,
time frame, and the issues to which the research is
focused.
Sample phrases that help express the scope of the
study:
The coverage of this study……….
The study consists of ……..
The study covers the ……….
This study is focus on……..
 The delimitation of the study is delimiting a study by
geographic location, age, sex, population traits,
population size, or other similar considerations.
Delimitation is used to make study better and more
feasible and not just for the interest of the researcher. It
also identifies the constraints or weaknesses of your study
which are not within the control of the researcher.
 Sample phrases that expressed the delimitations of the
study
The study does not cover the……
The researcher limited this research to……
This study is limited to………
 This gives a sufficient background
information that should be presented
for readers to understand and evaluate
the results of the study.
 Only the most important studies and
theories written on the topic should be
included
 This part helps inform the reader of previous studies made
on the project’s topic or problem. The basic features are:
 Studies which are related in purpose, method or findings to
your present study.
 Summary statements of the studies being reviewed. The
summary should show the transitions from earlier or past
studies and the relationship of previous studies to your
present project problem.
 Pertinent portions of relevant literature. The last names of
the author(s) followed by the year of the publication in which
the information appeared should be enclosed in parenthesis
and given at the end of each of the statement.
Some sources of related literature
 Book, encyclopedias, almanacs, and other
similar references.
 Articles, published in journals, bulletins,
monographs, periodicals and other publications.
 Unpublished theses and dissertations.
 Reports from seminars, workshops, proceedings
and other hand-outs.
 Orders, Memos,
 The internet
THANK
YOU!