Chapter-8 Flexural Stress in Beams

CHAPTER ENGINEERING
8 MECHANICS OF
SOLIDS
Symmetric Beam Bending
[Flexural stress in beams]

ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Pure Bending
Pure Bending: Prismatic members

subjected to equal and opposite couples
acting in the same longitudinal plane
4-2
Other Loading Types
• Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which

does not pass through section centroid
produces internal forces equivalent to an
axial force and a couple
• Transverse Loading: Concentrated or

distributed transverse load produces
internal forces equivalent to a shear
force and a couple
• Principle of Superposition: The normal

stress due to pure bending may be
combined with the normal stress due to
axial loading and shear stress due to
shear loading to find the complete state
of stress.
4-3
Definitions of positive moments
Basic Kinematic Assumption
1. Plane sections through a beam taken normal to its axis remain plane
after the beam is subjected to bending.
2. Some fibers or filaments of the beam along a surface do not change
length. These fibers free of stress and strain exist continuously over the
whole length and width of the beam. These fibers lie in a surface called
neutral surface of the beam. Intersection of the neutral surface with a
right section through the beam is termed as neutral axis of the beam
(location of zero stress and zero strain in a beam subjected to bending).
3. In a beam subjected to bending, strains in it’s fibers vary linearly or
directly as there respective distance from the neutral surface.
7-6
7-7
NA passes through the centroid of the section.
1-9
Procedure Summary.
The same three basic concepts of engineering mechanics of solids that
were used in developing the theories are axially loaded bars and circular
shafts in torsion are used in the preceding derivation of flexure formulas.
These may be summarized as follows:
1. Equilibrium conditions (statics) are used for determining the internal
resisting bending moment at a section.
2. Geometry of deformation (kinematics) is used by assuming that plane
sections through a beam remain plane after deformation. This leads to the
conclusion that normal strains along a beam section vary linearly from the
neutral axis.
3. Properties of materials (constitutive relations) in the form of Hooke's
law are assumed to apply to the longitudinal normal strains. The Poisson
effect of transverse contraction and expansion is neglected.
1 - 10
It is interesting to note that due to Poisson's ratio,

the compressed zone of a beam expands laterally;
the tensile zone contracts. The strains in the y
and z directions are given by Eq. 8-11. This is in
complete agreement with the rigorous solution.
Poisson's effect, as may be shown by the methods
of elasticity, deforms the neutral axis into a curve
of large radius; and the neutral surface becomes
curved in two opposite directions; see Fig. 8-6. In
the previous treatment, the neutral surface was
assumed to be curved in one direction only.
These interesting details are not significant in
most practical problems.
Example8-1
Find the moment of inertia around the horizontal axis passing through the
centroid for the rectangular area shown in Fig. 8-9.
1 - 12
Example 8-2
1 - 13
Example 8-3
Determine the moment of inertia I around the horizontal axis for the area
shown in mm in Fig. 8-11 for use in the flexure formula.
1 - 14
1 - 15
Example 8-4
A 300-by-400-mm wooden cantilever beam weighing 0.75 kN/m carries an
upward concentrated force of 20 kN at the end, as shown in Fig. 8-12(a).
Determine the maximum bending stresses at a section 2 m from the free
end.
1 - 16
Example 8-5
Find the maximum tensile and compressive stresses acting normal to
section A-A of the machine bracket shown in Fig. 8-13(a) caused by the
applied force of 8 kips.
1 - 17
1 - 18
8-6. Stress Concentrations
Figure 8-15 Meaning of stress-

concentration factor in bending.
1 - 19
1 - 20
Example 8-12
Consider a composite beam of the cross-sectional dimensoins shown in
Fig. 8-30(a). The upper 150-by-250-mm part is wood, Ew = 10 GPa; the
lower 10-by-150-mm strap is steel, Es, = 200 GPa. If this beam is subjected
to a bending moment of 30 kN · m around a horizontal axis, what are the
maximum stresses in the steel and wood?
1 - 22
1 - 23
1 - 24
Example 8-13
1 - 25
It is known that this axis coincides with the axis through the centroid of the
transformed section. It is further known that the first (or statical) moment
of the area on one side of a centroidal axis is equal to the first moment of
the area on the other side. Thus, let kd be the distance from the top of the
beam to the centroidal axis, as shown in Fig. 8-31(c), where k is the
unknown ratio's and d is the distance from the top of the beam to the center
of the steel. An algebraic restatement of the foregoing locates the neutral
axis
1 - 26
1 - 27
Problems for solution
In addition to other books mentioned, solve

following problems from Popov:
11-15, 18, 25-26

Chapter-8 Flexural Stress in Beams

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CHAPTER ENGINEERING

[Flexural stress in beams]

Pure Bending: Prismatic members

• Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which

• Transverse Loading: Concentrated or

• Principle of Superposition: The normal

NA passes through the centroid of the section.

It is interesting to note that due to Poisson's ratio,

Figure 8-15 Meaning of stress-

In addition to other books mentioned, solve

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