GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE

B.E CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARMENT

SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY, VASAD

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

AHMEDABAD
PRESENTED BY:

• Ronak Agrawal (150413106001)

• Nirali Bhatt (150413106003)
• Keyur Joshi (150413106004)
• Kaushik Parmar (150413106007)
• Shantanu Shah (150413106012)

GUIDE BY:
Prof. Falguni Patel
 CONTENTS
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Phase III
• Mix design
• Methodology
• Results
• Rate analysis
• Action plan
• Observation
• Reference
 Abstract
The concrete construction industry is not sustainable. It consume
huge quaintly of virgin material. Secondly, the principle binder material of
concrete is Portland cement. The production of which is major contributing to
greenhouse gases emission that are implicated in global warming and climate
change. Many concrete structures suffer from lack of durability which has an
adverse effect on the resources productivity of the industry.

The adoption of waste material in concrete eliminates all above

mentioned problem. On this Topic, a brief review of theory and construction
practice with the concrete mixtures containing Fly ash, ggbs, sodium silicate
and sodium hydroxide .The topic also consist of comparing the conventional
concrete with fly ash and ggbs. By replacing of waste material in concert; it
improve workability, minimizes cracking due to thermal and drying shrinkage,
enhances durability to the reinforcement and reduces cost of concrete work.
 Introduction
• Geopolymers are a type of inorganic polymer that
can be formed at room temperature by using
industrial waste or by-products as source materials
to form a solid binder that looks like and performs a
similar function to OPC.
• Geopolymer binder can be used in applications to
fully replace OPC with environmental and technical
benefits, including an 80 - 90% reduction in CO2
emissions and improved resistance to fire and
aggressive chemicals.
 Geopolymer Concrete
Geopolymer Concrete = Aggregate+ Water+ Sand+ Admixture+ Ggbs+ Fly
Ash + Sodium Silicate + Sodium Hydroxide

• AGGREGATES give body to concrete and reduces shrinkage. Aggregates

are the importance constituents in concrete . They give body to the
concrete, reduce shrinkage and effect economy. The mere fact that the
aggregates occupy 70 to 80% of the concrete.

• WATER is an important ingredient of concrete as it actively participates in

the chemical reaction with cement.

• SAND is an important material of the concrete as various properties of

concrete depends on sand. Sand is a naturally occurring granular material
composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
 Geopolymer concrete
• ADMIXTURE is defined as a material that is used as an ingredient of concrete and
is added to the batch immediately before or during mixing. In this will use
superplastizers.

• SODIUM HYDROXIDE (NAOH) also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic
compound. It is a white solid and
highly caustic metallic base and alkali salt of sodium which is available in pellets,
flakes, granules, and as prepared solutions at a number of different
concentrations. Sodium hydroxide forms an approximately 50% (by
weight) saturated solution with water.

• SODIUM SILICATE is the common name for compounds with the formula
Na2(SiO2)nO. A well-known member of this series is sodium metasilicate, Na2SiO3.
Also known as water glass or liquid glass, these materials are available in aqueous
solution and in solid form. The pure compositions are colourless or white.

• GGBS
• FLYASH
 What is GGBS(Glass Granulated Blast
Furness Slag) ?
• The blast furnace slag is a by-product of the iron
manufacturing industry. Iron ore, coke and
limestone are fed into the furnace and the
resulting molten slag floats above the molten iron
at a temperature of about 1500C to 1600C. The
molten slag has a composition of about 30% to
40% SiO2 and about 40% CaO, which is close to the
chemical composition of Portland cement.
Composition Comparison- Portland
Cement to GGBS
 Advantages of GGBS
• Significantly reduces the risk of damages caused by
alkali–silica reaction (ASR)
• Provides higher resistance to chloride ingress-
reducing the risk of reinforcement corrosion
• Provides higher resistance to attacks by sulfate and
other chemicals
• GGBS cement prevents the occurrence of
efflorescence, the staining of concrete surfaces by
calcium carbonate deposits.
 FLY ASH
• It is one of the residues generated in combustion of
coal.
• Comprises of fine particles which rise with the flue
gases.
• One of the major pollutants which originate from
combustion.
• Due to recent mandate of using pollution control
equipments, these are now collected using
electrostatic precipitators and other particle filters.
Composition Comparison- Portland
Cement to Fly ash
FIG 2.1Comparison of chemical compositions between OPC and fly ash

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
Silica as sio2 Alumina as Calcium as Iron as Magnesium Sulphur as Potassium Sodium Oxide
al2o3 CaO fe2o3,fe2o4 as MgO so4 oxide k2O Na2O
AMOUNT (%) IN FLYASH 60% 16% 2.50% 18% 1% 0.90% 0% 1.50%
AMOUNT (%) IN OPC 21.06% 5.15% 64.17% 4.46% 1.46% 3% 0.42% 0.28%

AMOUNT (%) IN FLYASH AMOUNT (%) IN OPC

 Classification of flyAsh
• Based upon differences in quantities of major
constituents, it is divided in two classes : Class C and
Class F.
• Class F: Produced by burning of anthracite and
bituminous coal. It is pozzolanic in nature and
contains less than 20% lime.
• Class C: Produced by burning young lignite or sub-
bituminous coal. It is both pozzolanic and self-
cementing in nature. Contains more than 20% lime.
 Advantages of Fly ash

• Higher Ultimate Strength

• Increased Durability
• Improved Workability
• Reduced Bleeding
• Increased Resistance to Sulfate Attack
• Reduced Shrinkage
• Almost zero emission of greenhouse gases.
 Phase III Work
• Study on materials
1. GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag)
2. Fly ash
• Mix design
• Selection of molarity on the basis of two carteria :
1. Strength
2. Economical
 Ordinary Portland Cement

• Ordinary Portland cement is the major contributor

emission of as an estimated 5-8% of all human
generated atmosphere co2 world wide form cement
industry.
• production OPC is currently topping 2.6 billion tons
per year worldwide and growing 5% annually.
 Geopolymer Concrete

• Geopolymer concrete has the potential to

substantially curb co2 emission.
• Product is more durable infrastructure capable of
design life measured in hundreds of year.
• Use of waste material like Fly Ash Ggbs
• Protect aquifer and surface bodies of fresh waster via
the elimination of fly ash disposal sites
 Mix Design
Design stipulations :

• Density of aggregate as unit weight of concrete =

2400 kg/m3 [IS : 10262.2009]

• Mass of Combined aggregate = 75-80 % (consider

0.77%)
= 2400 ×0.77%
= 1848 kg/m3
• Therefore mass of combined aggregate = 1848 kg/m3
• Aggregates = 1350 Kg/m3
• Fine Aggregates ( Sand) = 498 Kg/m3
• Mass of Fly ash and alkaline Liquid = 2400-1848 =
552 kg/m3
• let us take alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio as 0.35
• Now the mass of Fly ash and GGBS = (552)/(1+0.35)
= 408.8 kg/m3
• Mass of alkaline liquid = 552 – 408.88 = 143.11
kg/m3
• Let us consider the ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 as 2.5

• Now mass of NaoH solution = (143.11)/(1+2.5) =

40.88 kg/m3
• Mass of Na2sio3 solution = 143.11 - 40.88 = 102.23
kg/m3
• Now calculating the total amount of mass of water
and mass of solids in the sodium hydroxide and
sodium silicate solution.
• In Sodium Silicate solution, The solution consists of
44.4% of solids (flakes) and 55.9% of water.
• Mass of solids = (44.4/100) ×(102.22) = 45.38 Kg
• Mass of water = 102.22–45.38 = 56.83 Kg
• In Sodium Hydroxide solution, Considering 14 molar
concentration, where in the solution consists 560gm
solid NaOH in 1 lit solution. Hence, Total NaOH solids
in 1 cubic meter concrete= 17.19 kg
• In 12 molar concentration, the 1 lit. solution consists
of 480gm NaOH solids. Hence, Total NaOH solids in 1
cubic meter concrete=15.57kg
• Sodium Silicate Solution (Na2SiO3):
• The water content in the silicate solution in observed
as 55.9%
• Mass of Water = (55.9/100) × (102.22) = 57.14 Kg
• Mass of solids = 102.22 – 57.14 = 45.08 Kg

• Total mass of water:

• mass of water in NaoH solution + mass of water in
Na2SiO3 solution = 22.72 + 45.08 = 67.80 Kg.
• Total mass of solids:
• mass of solids in NaoH solution + mass of solids in
Na2SiO3 solution + mass of Fly ash = 18.15 + 45.08 +
408.8 = 471.53 Kg.

• Ratio of water to Geo polymer Solids :

• Ratio = (67.80) / (471.53) = 0.143
 Mix Design Result
SR.NO MATERIALS MIX PROPORTION
1) Fly ash + GGBS 408.88 Kg/m3
2) Fine - Aggregates 498 Kg/m3
3) Coarse – Aggregates 1350 Kg/m3
4) Sodium Hydroxide 45.38 Kg/m3
5) Sodium Silicate 102.22 Kg/m3
6) Extra water 10% -15%
7) Super-Plasticizer Dosage 2%
 Methodology
• In this semester, we casted cubes and
performed compressive strength test on it for
the purpose of studying the effect of changing
molarity of NaOH solution.
• After calculating mix design, first of all, we
have to make the chemical solutions as we
have to use it after 24 hrs. of its formation.
• After 24hrs, this solution is added into dry mix
of raw materials.
• Water is added as 10% of weight of total
cementitious compounds and superplasticizer
is added up to 2% of total weight.
• After mixing, cubes are casted by traditional
method.
• For the purpose of activating cementitious
properties of fly ash and GGBS, oven curing is
conducted at 70 C for 24 hrs.
• Final results of compressive test are achieved
at 28 days of mixing.
 Selection of Molarity

Selection of molarity of the NaOH solution

is based on two criteria

1. Strength
2. Economical
 Strength
• As per the compressive strength test results,
we concluded that the mix with higher
molarity of NaOH in solution gives the higher
strength.
• We prepared two mixes, one with molarity 12
and another with molarity 14 and conducted
compressive strength test on it. Results are
given below.
 RESULTS

MOLARITY 12 MOLARITY 14
CUBES WEIGHT(kg) COMPRESSIVE WEIGHT(kg) COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH@ STRENGTH@
28 DAYS 28 DAYS
(N/MM2) (N/MM2)
CUBE 1 8.85 44.44 8.244 45.33

CUBE 2 8.412 39.11 8.376 44

CUBE 3 8.674 40.89 8.103 42.67

 ECONOMY
• Higher molarity solution of contains higher
amount of solid particles. Hence, in 14 molar
solution, the total NaOH solids are in higher
amount in comparison of 12 molar solution.
• It finally concludes that higher molarity
solution is costlier than lower molar solutions.
• Cost comparison of both mixes is given below.
RATE ANALYSIS (PER CUBIC METER)

14 molar NaOH
Material Cost / kg Quantity(kg) Cost (rs)
Fly Ash 0 244.8 195.84
GGBS 0 163.2 261.12
Fine Aggregate 0.6 500 300
Coarse Aggregate 0.7 1350 945
NaOH 44 17.19 756.36
Na2SIO3 14 45.38 635.32
Super Plasticizer 50 8 400
Total 3493.64
RATE ANALYSIS (PER CUBIC METER)

12 molar NaOH
Material Cost / kg Quantity(kg) Cost (Rs)
Fly Ash 0 244.8 195.84
GGBS 0 163.2 261.12
Fine Aggregate 0.6 500 300
Coarse Aggregate 0.7 1350 945
NaOH 44 15.57 685.08
Na2SIO3 14 45.38 635.32
Super Plasticizer 50 8 400
Total 3422.36
 COST COMPARISON
RATE COMPAIRISON

3500

3000
COST (RS)

2500 3500 3425

2000

1500

1000

500

0 Molar 14 Molar 12
 Action plan
• In 6th semester, we will study the effect of changing
in proportions of Fly Ash and GGBS.
 OBSERVATION

• On the basis of rate analysis, it is observed that lower

molarity of NaOH is economical.

• On the basis of compressive strength test results, it is

observed that higher molarity of NaOH solution is
recommended for achieving higher strength of
concrete.

• By increasing molarity from 12 molar to 14 molar

increase in cost is noted as 2.35% and increase in
strength is noted as 6.07%. Hence it is observed that
ideal solution of NaOH is 14 molar solution.
 REFERENCE
• Journal of civil engineering and technology (JCIET), development of mix
design for low calcium based geopolymer concrete in low, medium and
higher grades -indian scenario by kolli.ramujee, member, IACSIT ,
dr.m.potharaju
• ELSEVIER, Parametric Studies on Compressive Strength of Geopolymer
Concrete by Prakash R. Vora , Urmil V. Dave
• Concrete technology by (M.S.SHETTY )
• IJRET: geopolymer concrete an eco- friendly construction material